Potassium Sorbate as a Biocide | Evaluation

Potassium Sorbate as a Biocide EvaluationEvaluation of Potassium Sorbate as a Biocide to Reduce Viability of Total Airborne Fungi in a Higher Educational Building of Computer StudiesChin Ming Er1,a *, N. M. Sunar 2,b, Abdul Mutalib Leman2,c, Othman Norzila1,d, Quin Emparan1,e, Umi Kalthsom1,f, Paran Gani1,g, Nurul Azreen Jamal1,h1Department of Water And environmental Engineering (DWEE), Faculty of Civil And Environmental Engineering (FKAAS), University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia2Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology (FTK), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, MalaysiaKeywords Indoor Air Quality, tramp curative, bioactive compounds.AbstractIn countries which are humid throughout the year, mold is a common problem that canful occur even on a reckoner keyboard. It is smelly and may damage the computer keyboards. It is caused by fungal spores in the air. It can also affect occupants healthiness. This study is aimed to evaluate the efficiency of potassium sorbate to bring down viability of interior mobile fungus kingdom in a higher(prenominal) educational twist of computer studies of a university located at Southern Peninsular Malaysia. malted milk extract agar (MEA) was incorporated with the biocide and was used for air try of fungus kingdom at 3 different sites of the building including outdoors. The hard-hittingness of the biocide was evaluated by comparing the do by agar against the untreated agar. It was clearly shown that the biocide can effectively reduce the numbers of colony forming units of the mobile kingdom Fungi at all 3 tested sites (70% averagely) on the treated culture media, while the untreated media at all three sites was colonized by kingdom Fungi with different concentration.IntroductionIndoor mobile fungal contamination is a very common issue nowadays. Its presence brings a lot of problems to indoor occup ants, building owners or managers as it affects the indoor air whole step (IAQ) of those infected buildings and it has been associated with unhealthy symptoms including headache, asthma, allergy and irritant effects, respiratory problems, mycoses (fungal diseases) and several other non-specific health problems 1. IAQ is defined as the air quality within an enclosed building that leads to the comfort and healthiness of its occupiers 2. It is a major concern as around people in the developed and developing countries, such as Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and others, spent most of their time indoor in either offices, factories, homes or educational buildings.It has been estimated that approximate 10% of people worldwide and 5% of the population in industrial countries consider fungal allergies 3,4. Some fungi such as Aspergillus versicolor and Stachybotrys chartarum are able to produce mycotoxins and spend a penny been associated with sick building syndrome 1 Many animal studies h ave confirmed that mycotoxins are associated with carcinogenic, immune-suppressive, and other properties 5. Fungi release tiny spores that float through the air and land on other locations to reproduce. When they settle on damp surfaces, the spores can form new mold colonies. If these mobile fungal spores or mycotoxins are inhaled into bronchia and alveoli, they will be lysed and the human body thereby exposed to the primordial and secondary metabolites 6. Inhalation exposure has been suggested to cause acute kidney failure, damage of the upper respiratory tract, and central nervous system damage 7. Thus, the existence of these fungi is unacceptable in indoor environment.Fungi can grow anywhere all over a wide-ranging temperature with sufficient nutrients and moisture 8. Therefore, indoor mold problem has considerable existed in yearlong warm and humid countries like Malaysia and other Southeast Asian countries. In preliminary research, airborne fungi growth was found in a hi gh humid room (relative humidity 87%) in a higher educational building of computer studies by and by conventional therapeutic such as detergent-cleaning and changing of the affected ceiling boards 9. It is dangerous since researchers suggested that the chances of transmitting the contaminating microbes through using of computers in a university setting is potentially slap-up due to the enormous usage of computer keyboards that are not routinely sanitized by numerous users daily 10. The study also shows that the conventional remediation is not a long term solution to circumvent the indoor airborne fungal contamination. However, green solutions are needed to reduce the viability of the airborne fungi and thereby the existence of secondary metabolites of fungi in indoor setting in order to secure the quality of t all(prenominal)ing and learning among educators and students in a university building.Lately, a bioactive compound from food industry, potassium sorbate had been shown to be able to control the growth of two fungus species (Chaetomium globosum and Alternaria alternate) isolated from an indoor mobile coating 11. It is suggested to be effective against airborne fungi too. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of potassium sorbate as a biocide to render the viability of indoor airborne fungi in a higher educational building of computer studies of a university located at Southern Peninsular Malaysia.Materials and MethodsSelection of Testing Sites. The indoor airborne fungal samples were taken from a new commissioning higher educational building of computer studies of a university in Johor, Malaysia that had been identified of having microbial growth in indoor environment from previous research 9. Three sites were selected by walk through inspection. They were each to represent a microbial-contaminated site (A), relatively mildly-contaminated site (B) and outdoors (O) of the building. The location for outdoor sampling was as close as possible to the outdoor air intake for the primary air handling system for the building 12.Biocide Antifungal Activity. The antifungal occupation of the potassium sorbate as a biocide was evaluated by air sampling with biocide-treated and untreated culture media which takes into account that the concentration of the viable fungi can be represent by colony forming unit (CFU) analysis as the calculation infraCFU/m3 = Number of colonies x 1000 Sampling time (min) x Flow rate (L/min). (1)The airborne fungi samples were stack away using a BioStage single-stage viable cascade impactor (SKC, USA) attached to a SKC QuickTake 30 Sample Pump (SKC, USA) onto Malt Extract Agar (MEA) plates with 0.03% (w/v) biocide at a pay heed rate of 28.3 L/min as per requirement of National Institute of occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) stated in method NIOSH Manual uninflected Standard Method (NMAM 0800). The impactor was located at the centre of the sampling location at a height of 1.0 to 1.5 meter abo ve the floor. Every sample was obtained over 5 minute periods. The same procedure was carried out with control MEA without biocides. Both kinds of sampling with treated and untreated MEA were done in triplicate at each site on the same day during office hours and in the presence of indoor occupants. The air samplings at different sites were carried out on different week. The samples were analysed for innate airborne fungi count by incubating them at 37C for 5 days and counting of the colony formed was done thereafter.Results and DiscussionsThe viability of total airborne fungi on the biocide-treated MEA was successfully reduced by 76.2% averagely if compared to their viability on control MEA without biocide (Fig. 1). Notably, potassium sorbate showed the best performance at the mildly-contaminated site, which had the lowest total airborne fungi on control MEA, by successfully reducing the viability of total indoor airborne fungi by 84.2% on biocide-treated MEA. Meanwhile, its perfo rmance dropped when the mean concentrations of total airborne fungi on control MEA increase. The percentage of reduction of viability of total airborne fungi at the contaminated site and outdoors of the building are 63.9% and 80.4% respectively. The results argue that potassium sorbate can show the best performance to control total indoor airborne fungi concentrations if it is applied in a clean environment. This is in accordance with the function of potassium sorbate in wine-making industry to prevent a second fermentation through rendering any surviving yeast incompetent of metabolizing and multiplying 13. Hence, it is suggested that this biocide is very suitable to be applied together with and after conventional remediation of indoor fungal contamination periodically.Fig. 1 Comparison of viability of total airborne fungi on biocide-treated and untreated MEA.According to Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality (ICOP-IAQ 2010) set by Department of Occupational Safety and H ealth Malaysia, the maximum exposure limit of total indoor airborne fungi concentrations is 1000 CFU/m3. Any value of the concentrations of indoor airborne fungi that approaches or over 500 CFU/m3 can be also considered as a possible health hazard. In this study, this number was successfully reduced to below 100 CFU/m3 at two of the three testing sites and below 200 CFU/m3 at the contaminated site. These reductions might be due to high solubility of this biocide in water of growth media to convert to sorbic acid that exhibits potent antifungal properties with assorted mode of action such as genetic changes, alteration of morphological grammatical construction of cell, inhibition of enzymes and cell transport processes 14. All of these after-treatments numbers suggests that potassium sorbate is a proper biocide to maintain the concentrations of total indoor airborne fungi at an acceptable healthy level for human beings.In a higher educational building of computer studies, computers are always shared. Touches of computer parts oddly computer keyboards by students always occur without practicing of hand hygiene. The sweats or dirt on the hands and fingers of students left on the computer parts after they using them. This in turn provides nutrients and breeding sites for airborne fungi that settle on these computer parts. The reduction of the viability of indoor airborne fungi on the biocide-treated media indicates that the airborne fungi are unable to grow on the substrate that are treated with potassium sorbate and thus suggesting that this biocide can be applied on various wall coatings, surfaces of furniture and electrical appliances including these computer parts.In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that potassium sorbate is fit to be applied as a biocide in a higher educational building of computer studies to reduce the viability of indoor airborne fungi. This in turn reduces the amounts of secondary metabolites of fungi such as mycotoxin and fungal spores that can induce sick building syndrome and other unpleasant and uncomfortable feeling of indoor occupants.AcknowledgementThe authors greatly appreciate Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) and the supporting Fundamental look into Grant Scheme (FRGS) 1479 for facilitating the work and National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia (NIOSH) for providing technical assistance.ReferencesKuhn, D. M., Ghannoum, M. A. (2003). Indoor mold, toxigenic fungi, and Stachybotrys chartarum infectious disease perspective. Clinical microbiology reviews, 16(1), 144-172.Yau, Y.H. Chew, B.T. and Saifullah, A.Z.A. (2012) Studies on the indoor air quality of Pharmaceutical Laboratories in Malaysia. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment 1, 110124.Pasanen, A. L., Lappalainen, S., Pasanen, P. (1996). Volatile organic metabolites associated with some toxic fungi and their mycotoxins.Analyst, 121(12), 1949-1953.Hardin, B.D., Kelman, B.J. and Saxon, A. (20 03) Adverse human health effects associated with molds in the indoor environment. J Occup Environ Med 45, 470478.Robbins, C. A., Swenson, L. J., Nealley, M. L., Kelman, B. J., Gots, R. E. (2000). Health effects of mycotoxins in indoor air a fine review.Applied occupational and environmental hygiene,15(10), 773-784.Fischer, G., Dott, W. (2003). Relevance of airborne fungi and their secondary metabolites for environmental, occupational and indoor hygiene.Archives of Microbiology,179(2), 75-82.Miller, J. D. (1992). Fungi as contaminants in indoor air.Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics,26(12), 2163-2172.Dangman, K. H., Schenck, P., DeBernardo, R. L., Yang, C. S., Bracker, A., Hodgson, M. J. (2004).Guidance for clinicians on the recognition and management of health effects related to mold exposure and moisture indoors. Farmington, CT University of Connecticut Health ticker, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Center for Indoor Environments and Health.Er , C. M., Sunar, N. M., Mutalib, A., Norzila, O., Emparan, Q., Kalthsom, U., Gani, P., Jamal, N. A., Ideris, N. A. (2014). The Evaluation of Indoor microbic Air Quality in a Southern Malaysia Universitys New Commissioning Buildings. Applied Mechanics and Materials (in press).Anderson, G., Palombo, E. A. (2009). Microbial contamination of computer keyboards in a university setting.American journal of infection control,37(6), 507-509.Bellotti, N., Salvatore, L., Dey, C., Del Panno, M. T., del Amo, B., Romagnoli, R. (2013). The application of bioactive compounds from the food industry to control mold growth in indoor waterborne coatings. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 104, 1404.Reynolds, S. J., Black, D. W., Borin, S. S., Breuer, G., Burmeister, L. F., Fuortes, L. J., Whitten, P. (2001). Indoor environmental quality in six commercial office buildings in the midwest United States.Applied occupational and environmental hygiene,16(11), 1065-1077.Cojocaru, G. A., Antoce, A. O . (2012). Chemical And biochemical Mechanisms of Preservatives Used in Wine A Review.dio,1, 100.Smilanick, J. L., Mansour, M. F., Gabler, F. M., Sorenson, D. (2008). Control of citrus postharvest green mold and sour rot by potassium sorbate combined with heat and fungicides.Postharvest biota and Technology,47(2), 226-238.

Understanding The Demanding Emotional Health Work Social Work Essay

Understanding The Demanding Emotional Health Work Social Work EssayThe send of this assignment is to discuss the contribution of medical examination, sociological and psychological models to understanding emotional health and examine the impact of race, class and gender on emotional health. what is more the assignment will discuss appropriate theories to understanding the emotional health linking them to race in case study wholeness.According to World Health Organisation, 2005 psychical health and psychic well being be funda psychological to the quality of invigoration-time and productivity of psyches, families, communities and nations, enabling people to experience life as pregnant and to be creative and active citizens. Hales ( ) defines emotional health as the ability to express, acknowledge how one feels, their moods and be in a position to adapt to situations and be compassionate to others.The medical model views the diseases as coming from outside and invading the b ody, causing changes within the body. It can also originate as internal, involuntary fleshly changes ca apply by chemical imbalances and can also be genetic (Nolan 2009). This model considers the mental malfunction of schizophrenia to be a consequence of chemical and sensible changes in the psyche. Environmental factors may be the causation of unsoundness, but the disorder might still be influenced by hereditary factors (Tyrer and Steinberg 2008). The abnormal behavior in an individual is a result of physical conditions such(prenominal) as brain damage, meningitis and others. The treatment given is aimed at controlling the root cause of the disease by changing the individuals biochemistry. This approach does not account for the occasions this shew can be found in mental disorders such as such bipolar and unipolar depression and schizophrenia.The sociological model of health places more emphasis on the individuals environmental, brotherly and economic causes of disease rather than solely focusing on the biological aspect (Duggan 2002). The socio-cultural aspect refers to the role socio-cultural environments play in a given psychological phenomenon such as parental and peer influence in the behaviours or characteristics of an individual. Social factors encompass a discrete subject matter because, as collective representations, they are independent of psychological and biological phenomena, although we have individual actions, thoughts and feelings we tend to live our lives through institutions family, corporation, church, school and nights (Hadden 1997 p 105).The Psychological model suggests that human behaviour is strongly affected by experiences from childhood and also that behaviour is the result of interaction between the conscious and the unconscious (Nolan 2009). Mind (2010) points out that cannabis may cause psychological effects that lead to psychotic experiences such hallucination, depersonalisation and paranoid ideas. Rack (1982, p. 124) points out that Cannabis is readily available throughout the Caribbean and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent its use is not restricted to both particular age-group. In support of this point Cockerham (2007) observes that living in a household with both parents who smoke or having a spouse who smokes can crusade smoking behaviours. A psychological model is based on the assumption that conscious thought mediates an individuals emotional state or behaviour in reaction to stimulus. The model suggests that people may create their own problems through interpretation.The psychological model will look a lot deeper into the individuals and not merely the symptoms in which they are showing. It suggests that our thought may cause the disturbances or it may indeed by the disturbances causing our thought. The model refers to the role that cognition and emotions play in whatever given psychological phenomenon, such as the effects of mood, beliefs and expectation on an individuals reactio n to the level offt. The biological aspects refer to the role of the prenatal environment on brain development and cognitive abilities or the influence of genes on individuals dispositions (Rogers and Pilgrim 2000).Hatty (2000) in Barack (2006) observes that Gender refers to nature and the psychological, social, and cultural components that summarizes the leading ideas about feminine and masculine characteristics and behaviours dominating in any society at one time. According to Pilgrim (2009) gender is a social description. Rogers and Pilgrim (2005) points out that men are prone to be involved in antisocial behaviour and can be categorised as dangerous and criminally deviant, which leads to their removal. The idea of danger to society is always attributed to men than women. There is evidence to propose that men are often sectioned under Mental Health Act 1983 and referred to psychiatric hospitals by the police under section 136 removal to a place of safety. Men are more likely to be hand cuffed and detained in cells more than women (Rogers (1990) cited in Rogers and Pilgrim 2000).Gove (1984) in Rogers and Pilgrim (2005) shows that at that place is now a general consensus among social scientists that women experience more psychological distress than men and that this is largely due to aspects of their societal roles. Another view point is that, throughout the life span women report greater psycho-social malaise than men and the gap between sexes increases in older people with self-reported factors like depression, worry, sleep disturbances and feelings of strain. There have used the societal role to explain why women experience psychological distress than men. Womens unstructured roles tend to be more domestic than men which contribute to their picture to mental distress because they have time to dwell on their problems (Blaxter (1990) cited in Rogers and Pilgrim 2005).Womens natural disposition is known to be maternal, caring, passive and home centred. Th eir inferiority, instability and pretermit of control are increased as their biology takes over (Jones 1994). WHO (2010) states that while childbearing and motherhood are often positive and fulfilling experiences, for many women these are associated with suffering, ill-health and even death. The estimation of illness is different between men and women, the peak age for men is 15-24 and for women is between 25 and 34. According to Rogers (1990) cited in Rogers and Pilgrim (2000)Class remains a predictable correlate of mental ill health. Basically the poorer a person is the more likely they are to have a mental health problem. A class gradient is evident in mental health status across the bulk of the diagnostic groups but it is not a neat reverse relationship. For example affective disorders are not diagnosed evenly in all social classes whereas a very strong correlation exists between low social class and the diagnosis of schizophrenia. In the case of depression and anxiety the und erlying assumption has been clearer cut, perhaps because minor morbidity is less strongly identifiable as biologically derived illness (Jones 1994). They found a complex relationship of social class to anxiety and depression linked to changing employment status they furthermore examined three different ways of describing social position income social advantage and lifestyle and social class.Poor accommodation produces stress reactions in inhabitants (Hunt 1990 Hyndman 1990). Social and environmental causes are those factors around us such as where we live, whether we have strong family support networks, our place of work and how and where we can relax (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2004). Social class is one of the determinants of health which includes wealth, culture, background, family, financial constraints, accommodation and lifestyle WHO (2010).According to Barak et al race is socially defined by a collection of traits such as physical characteristics, culture and religion, national origin and language. King et al (1994) and other authors cited in Kaye and Lingiah (2000) states that there is evidence that, with the intervention of the police and social services, African -Caribbean people are more likely to be admitted to psychiatric hospitals compared to whites. There is a belief that African-Caribbean people are not provided with preventive and supportive measures before there is a crisis, but when the crisis starts and escalates the emergency services get involved which leads to compulsory admission (Bhuil et al (1998) and other authors cited in Kaye and Lingiah 2000). Rogers 1990 in (Rogers and Pilgrim 2005) states that Afro-Caribbean people are found to be less frequently referred by relatives or neighbours but by strangers and passers-by of other pagan groups. In support of the above statement Reiner 1996 in Rogers and Pilgrim (2005) suggests that there is a process of transmitted discrimination in the way in which black peoples behaviour is view ed which is interpreted in a more negative way. Furthermore the part of Health (DH 2005) states that the black and minority ethnic groups who live in England are deprived of the quality of mental health care that they need. Black and minority ethnic patients are more likely than the white British to be detained compulsorily, to be admitted to hospital rather than treated in the community, to be subject to measures like seclusion in hospital, and to come into contact with services through the criminal justice system. This leads to a vicious circle of BME people refraining from seeking care early in their illness. According to Rogers and Pilgrim (2005) most blacks including African-Caribbean people who live in the inner cities suffer from recurrent racism and are over represented in psychiatric records. expression at what the medical model says and comparing to Daniels behaviour, it may be suggested that he was suffering from schizophrenia which is more dominant in African Caribbean people, which could have been caused by substance abuse. Royal College of Psychiatrists (2004) states that there is a causal relation between substance misuse, particularly alcohol, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, and stimulants (such as amphetamines), can produce psychotic symptoms directly without mental illness. They may also precipitate psychotic disorders among people with a predisposition. Kaye and Lingiah (2000) points out that African Caribbean people have a higher rate of admissions for schizophrenia and potent psychosis compared to their white counterparts.Hales (2010-2011) states that social health refers to the ability to interact effectively with other people and the social environment in order to develop satisfying interpersonal relationships and fulfil social roles. Looking at the changes in Daniels behaviour it may be suggested that it was down to living on his own, lack of support, change of environment and financial problems. Frederick 1991 in Rogers and Pilgrim (20 05) observes that the various factors identified by Afro-Caribbean mental health users are coping with adolescence and education system building up relationships and then dashes their expectations growing up in a hostile environment with few positive images of black people, parental and with British white cultural input leading to confusion and contradict over identity. Argyle (1994) states that there is a theory that failing to learn correct social skills during the early stages of life can contribute to social rejection there by cause one to fail to cope with life events and can cause anxiety, depression or other symptoms.Hales (2010-2011) points out that those who are psychologically outfit normally share the following characteristics they have high self-esteem and aim towards happiness and fulfilment, they establish and maintain close relationships, they accept their own limitations in life and they feel a sense of meaning and purpose of life. Daniel started neglecting himself and acting on the voices that he heard, which may be suggested he had a problem with his psychological well-being. African Caribbean people are likely to be offered physical treatments, strong medication and not likely to be offered psychotherapy and counselling.In conclusion analysing approaches to health and illness in terms of medical versus a social model henceforth the medical model is a key concept in both medical sociology and medical anthropology (Chang and Christakis 2002). A lack of social support also can be due to social stigma which is the main reason why mental peoples social network becomes narrow. Also because of schizophrenias pervasive effects on daily functioning a range of psychosocial approaches has been developed to improve emotional and psychological well-being.

Current Research on a New Spacecraft Autonomy Architecture named Remote

Remote AgentPart 1 Introduction to Spacecraft AutonomyAbstractThis first composing of a two-part series introduces current research on a new spacecraft autonomy architecture, named Remote Agent, which applies artificial intelligence techniques to spacecraft control functions. The necessity for autonomy technology is nowhere greater than in deep space missions. Remote Agent is a model-based autonomous system being developed in a collaborative effort between the content Aeronautics and Space Administrations Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Ames Research Center. This spacecraft control scheme is be of three parts that work together 1) the Planner-Scheduler, 2) Mode Identification and Recovery, and 3) the Smart Executive. Models of the spacecrafts components and environment are given to Remote Agent and it figures out the necessary detailed operating procedures on its own. Because autonomy improves mission performance and reduces costs, autonomously controlled spacecraft will become mo re prominent in future space missions.IntroductionThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is being confronted with the challenge to perform more frequent and intensive space-exploration missions at greatly reduced cost. Nowhere is this more of the essence(p) than among robotic planetary exploration missions that the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) conducts for NASA. This paper describes current research on a new spacecraft autonomy architecture development artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to challenging computational problems in planning and scheduling, and real-time monitoring and control. Work on this software package combines research from diverse areas of AI such as model-based reasoning, qualitative reasoning, planning an... ...-122.2. Automata Theory, The New Encyclopedia Brittanica , Vol. 14, 1987 ed., pp 520-28.3. Williams, Brian C., and P. Pandurang Nayak, Immobile Robots AI in the New Millennium , AI Magazine, Fall 1996, pp. 16-35.4. Wan, D., Bra spenning, P., and G. Vreeswijk, Limits to screen background Control in Autonomous Spacecraft , Telematics and Infomatics, Vol. 12, No. 3/4, pp 247-59.5. Schilling, K., De LaFontaine, J., and H. Roth, Autonomy Capabilities of European Deep Space Probes , Autonomous Robots, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1996, pp 19-30.6. NASA New Millennium political platform website, http//nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/News/press/01_09_97.html 7. Hanson, Mark L., and Lorraine M. Fesq, A Software Architecture for Next Generation Satellites , TRW Space and Electronics Group, Redondo Beach, CA, Presented at the 1997 Highly Autonomous Systems Workshop, Pasadena, CA, April 10-11, 1997.

A Catcher In The Rye - Summary :: essays research papers fc

A Catcher In The rye whiskey - Summary The Catcher in the Rye is narrated by Holden Caulfield, a sixteen year-old boy recuperating in a rest home from a nervous breakdown, some time in 1950. Holden tells the baloney of his populate day at a school called Pencey Prep, and of his subsequent psychological meltdown in New York City. Holden has been expelled from Pencey for academic failure, and after an unpleasant evening with his self-satisfied roomy Stradlater and their pimply next-door neighbor Ackley, he decides to leave Pencey for good and spend a few days alone in New York City before move to his parents Manhattan apartment. In New York, he succumbs to increasing feelings of loneliness and desperation brought on by the hypocrisy and ugliness of the adult world he feels increasingly hag-ridden by the memory of his younger brother Allies death, and his life is complicated by his burgeoning sexuality. He wants to see his sister Phoebe and his old girlfriend Jane Gallagher, but a lternatively he spends his time with Sally Hayes, a shallow socialite Holdens age, and Carl Luce, a pretentious Columbia student Holden treats as a source of sexual knowledge increasingly lonely, Holden finally decides to sneak back to his parents apartment to talk to Phoebe. He borrows some money from her, then goes to stay with his former English teacher, Mr. Antolini. When he believes Mr. Antolini to be do a homosexual advance toward him, Holden leaves his apartment, and spends the rest of the night on a bench in Grand Central Station. The next day Holden experiences the worst var. of his nervous breakdown. He wanders the streets, looking at children and talking to Allie. He tries to leave New York forever and hitchhike west, but when Phoebe insists on going with him he relents, agreeing to go back home to protect his sister from the ugliness of the world. He takes her to the park, and watches her ride on the merry-go-round he suddenly feels overwhelmed by an inexplicable, inte nse happiness. Holden concludes his story by refusing to talk about what happened after that, but he fills in the most important details he went home, was sent to the rest home, and will name a new school next year. He regrets telling his story to so many people talking about it, he says, makes him get off everyoneBy Anna E-mail Go0de2shu

Adverse Effects of the Atkins Diet Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resear

Adverse Effects of the Atkins DietThe Atkins diet prescribes a menu consisting of laid-back-fat, high-protein foods that theoretically stimulate weight loss. However, excessive role of such foods is associated not only with weight loss, but also with several serious health problems. For example, heart disease and atherosclerosis have been linked to foods with high fat content. Further, replacing the carbohydrate component of ones diet with fat and protein stimulates a fat burning process called ketosis, which may adversely impact kidney and liver lick for some dieters, ketosis may result in dehydration and related symptoms, including muscle cramping and fatigue. Based upon the possible side effects of a high-fat, high-protein diet, it is reasonable to blaspheme that the Atkins diet does not promote healthy food choices. Consequently, ones health might be affected adversely by the Atkins plan.As mentioned, heart disease and atherosclerosis are associated with the excessive consum ption of high-fat foods encouraged under the Atkins program. More specifically, the Atkins diet places few restrictions on the quantity of fat consumed. One problem with this relatively unregulated intake of high-fat foods (e.g., butter) is that such foods, especially in large portions, have been linked to serious heart and vascular problems. For example, a recent study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that children who consumed large amounts of very high-fat foods (foods averaging 90% fat content) demonstrated significant increases in bad LDL cholesterin and triglyceride levels, and a corresponding decrease in good HDL cholesterol1,2. Triglycerides are derived from glycerol, the chief component of fa... ...tkinsuooh.htm3 Websters New World Dictionary and Thesaurus. 1996. New York Simon & Schuster, Inc.4 Journal of Ultasound Medicine . 5 Borgia M.C. and Medici F. Perspectives in the Treatment of Dyslipidemias in the Prevention of Coronary Heart Di sease 6 Fogoros, M.D. et. al. 7 Muscle Cramps/Twitching. .8 Sports Med Tips. .9 Ketones Definition. .10 Bailey, Kathryn. The Atkins Diet Friend or Foe?.11 Bailey, Kathryn. et.al.12 HyperDictionary. .

Cereal:The Manufacturing Industry :: essays research papers fc

Cereal The Manufacturing IndustryEveryday, more than eighty million Americans have some type of texture for breakfast. Cereal is one of the most popular breakfast foods and some brand is found in almost every home in America (Topher). This Brobdingnagian industry stems from the late 1800s when John Harvey Kellogg and C. W. Post began cereal production in Battle Creek, Michigan (Topher). Today, numerous types and varieties of cereal line the grocery store shelves. However, nevertheless a few select companies make every one of those different kinds of cereal.There are four different categories into which economists classify industries. These categories are perfect competition, noncompetitive competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Each of these four categories has its own unique characteristics. Perfect competition has an unlimited turn of firms, while a monopoly has one single firm, and an oligopoly consists of a small number of interdependent firms. The demand curve of an oligopol y depends on how firms contract to deal with their interdependence with the other firms in the industry. A firm within an oligopoly market can choose to cooperate with other firms in the industry, which is illegal, or the firm can choose to compete against the other firms. An oligopoly produces either differentiated products or homogenous products. In an oligopolistic market, instauration barriers, which prohibit new firms from entering the industry, are present. Examples of entry barriers include patents, brand loyalty and trademarks. Long-run economic profits are possible for an oligopoly, and non-price competition is a significant way to compete with other firms in the same market. Most of the non-price competition in an oligopoly comes from product differentiation. The cereal manufacturing industry is an oligopolistic market because it exhibits many of these traits.An oligopoly consists of a small number of interdependent firms. The cereal manufacturing industry consists of fo ur different firms that control almost all of the market. These companies are ally Oats, Kellogg, Kraft Foods, and world-wide mill around (Lazich 68). In 2001, General Mills and Kellogg led the industry with a market share of 32.2 and 30.7 percent, respectively (68). Kraft Foods had a market share of 16.3 percent and Quaker Oats had a market share of 19.0 percent (68). The remaining 11.8 percent of the market share was held by other firms (68). In 2002, Kellogg took the lead with 32.7 percent followed by General Mills with a 31.8 percent market share (Reyes).An oligopoly consists of either differentiated or homogenous products.

Morals of Abortion :: Abortion Pregnancy Motherhood Medical Essays

Morals of AbortionIn Roman times, abortion and the destruction of unwanted children was permissible, but as out civilization has aged, it seems that such acts were no longer acceptable by rational homosexual beings, so that in 1948, Canada along with most other nations in the world signed a resolving of the United Nations promising every human being the right to life. The World Medical Association meeting in Geneve at the same time, stated that the extremity respect for human life was to be from the moment of conception. This declaration was re-affirmed when the World Medical Association met in Oslo in 1970. Should we go backwards in our concern for the life of an individual human being? The unborn human is still a human life and not all the wishful opinion of those advocating repeal of abortion laws, can alter this. Those of us who would seek to protect the human who is still to small to cry aloud for its own protection, have been impeach of having a 19th Century approach to li fe in the last third of the 20th Century. But who in reality is using arguments of a at peace(p) Century? It is an incontrovertible fact of biological science - Make no Mistake - that from the moment of conception, a new human life has been created. Only those who lay off their emotional passion to overide their knowledge, can deny it only those who are irrational or ignorant of science, doubt that when a human sperm fertilizes a human ovum a new human being is created. A new human being who carries genes in its cells that make that human being uniquely contrastive from any and other human being and yet, undeniably a member, as we all are, of the great human family. All the fetus needs to grow into a babe, a child, an old man, is time, nutrition and a suitable environment. It is determined at that very moment of conception whether the baby will be a son or a girl which of his parents he will look like what blood type he will have. His whole heritage is forever fixed. tint at a h uman being 8 weeks after conception and you, yes every person here who can tell the difference between a man and a women, will be able to look at the fetus and tell me whether it is a baby boy or a girl.