Case study of evaluate an event in the form of a case study

Of evaluate an event in the form of a - Case Study Example This study will evaluate Australia-based sports event. The Australian Open is taken under consideration in this study as the event. This case study will analyze and evaluate the impact of Australian Open on the economy of the country. Moreover, this study will reveal the contribution of this sport event in the growth of sports tourism sector. Government and sports ministry of Australia, several stakeholders including national Tennis agencies, state government, several state tennis academies and institutes are considered as important resources of Australian Sport Tourism Industry. Part 1 There are several classifications of sport tourism in Australia. Australian sport tourism can be segregated into three parts, such as sport events tourism, active sport tourism, and celebrity and nostalgia sport tourism (Hinch and Higham, 2011, p.45). Australian Open can be considered under active sport tourism wherein the individuals or players participate in the sport events to win this prestigious Tennis Title. In Australian Open, greatest global tennis players come to Australia in the month of January. Australian Open is a popular sporting event that blends the enjoyment and fun of tennis with traditional cultural and social activities that celebrate the love of Australians. Australian Open gained huge popularity and acceptability across the globe. People of Australia love tennis and love to watch the Australian Open as all the popular global tennis players take part in this sporting event in order to win this tennis title. Every year the popularity and acceptance of Australian Open is significantly increasing at a constant rate. Economic development is the major consequence of this Australian Open. It is important for government, sports ministry and state or national tennis academies to develop future plan for this specific sporting event. Stakeholder’s role in Sport Tourism Sector Australian sport tourism sector is one of the major economic drivers. Australian Open is one of the popular sporting events in which leading global tennis players used to participate in order to win the prestigious Tennis Title. This Australian Open is one of the most significant tourism catalysts (Smith and Stewart, 2010, pp. 1-13). This sporting event attracts several global tennis lovers and spectators. Moreover, various scenic beauty and tourist spots forced the spectators to visit Australia. The country gets benefited in both ways. Ultimately, the revenue increases. It plays an important part in country’s development. There are several sport event organizations in Australia. Australian government and ministry of Sports developed Federal Sport Policy (McCabe, 2005, pp.85-106). This policy is delivered through a range of significant structure. It includes Anti-Doping Authority of Australian sports, Department of Ageing and Health and Australian Sport Commission. Australian Open is managed by the Tennis Australia. This organization is regulated by the sports ministry of the country. Government and sports ministry of Australia, several stakeholders including national Tennis agencies, state government, several state tennis academies and institutes are continuously trying to

Case study: Eating Disorder

Case study: Eating Disorder Psychopathology refers to maladaptive behavior/s that causes distress to an individual and is brought about by a psychological disorder (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). A number of factors contribute to the development of psychopathology: collectively referred to as the vulnerability-stress model (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). This model breaks the stressors down into three categories: biological causes, social causes and psychological causes (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). There are four dominant psychological theories of psychopathology that govern treatment: Psychodynamic Theories, Behavioral Theories, Cognitive Theories and Humanistic and Existential Theories (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008). Eating disorders are classified as a form of psychopathology. Bulimia Nervosa, in particular, is an eating disorder characterized by bingeing episodes; followed by extreme actions that serve to induce immediate weight loss, such as purging (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008). Chassler (1998) states that bulimic nervosa sufferers turn to food as a way of alleviating their negative emotions. Food provides a form of distraction from their problems and comfort; this leads to bingeing episodes (Chassler, 1998). The purging occurs as a way of ensuring that they do not gain weight after their bingeing episodes (Chassler, 1998). Individuals that suffer from bulimia nervosa tend to have been highly preoccupied with their shape and weight prior to developing the disorder. (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Individuals developing this disorder tend to be highly dissatisfied with their bodies and many adolescent girls with low self-esteem tend to believe that all of their failures stem from the way that they look (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). These bulimic individuals follow cultural and societal norms that promise greater self-esteem to those who are slimmer (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Interestingly, Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf and Jantschek (2007) discovered that bulimic women evaluated their own bodies in a skewed manner; however, they found no such disturbances in their cognition related to other womens bodies or to what they assumed men might find attractive. It is also believed that those suffering from bulimia nervosa are mainly motivated by the desire to fulfill the expectations that men have about womens bodies (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Lacey and Evans (as cited in Anestis et al., 2009) were the first researchers to divide bulimic nervosa patients into two distinct subgroups: multi-impulsive versus uni-impulsive. The multi-impulsive subgroup exhibits impulsive behaviors that include not only binging and purging but also one of the following behaviors: substance abuse, stealing, sexual promiscuity or self-injury. However, Harnden-Fischer and Westen (2001) have found that separating bulimics into subgroups runs the risk of confining a range of complicated personality factors into a single category. These factors seem to be, characterized by emotional dysregulation, intense and labile affect, interpersonal desperation and impulsive efforts to escape distress and seek gratification. (Harnden-Fischer Westen, 2001, p. 558). Herzog, Keller, Sacks, Yeh, and Lavoril (as cited in Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006) found that 60% of those individuals with bulimic nervosa, who participated in their study, also had a co morbid Axis I diagnosis. Blinder, Chaitin and Goldstein (as cited in Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006) discovered that co morbidity with other Axis I disorders generally resulted in a poorer prognosis for bulimic nervosa patients. Blinder, Cumella and Sanathara (2006) found that the disorders that are most co morbid with bulimia nervosa are mood disorders, substance abuse (mostly alcohol abuse) disorders and anxiety disorders. Bryant-Waugh and Lask (as cited in Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006) highlighted another factor that is thought to contribute to a poor prognosis: the development of bulimia nervosa at an early age. Another factor that is believed to contribute to the possible development of bulimia nervosa is that of family dynamics. Humphrey and Strober (1987) found that those individuals with parents who have a history of alcohol abuse and obesity, which are ill disposed towards said individual, show them no affection and give them minimal attention, are more likely to develop bulimia nervosa. Humphrey and Strober (1987) suggest that bulimic individuals did not learn good coping mechanisms because of being overwhelmed by their family environment; coupled with the pressure to be slim, leads to bingeing and purging behavior. The bingeing episodes may also act as a substitute for the nurturance that they never had (Humphrey and Strober, 1987). Arikian et al. (2008) also found that a family history of the father abusing alcohol, and the mother suffering from severe depression, resulted in a poorer prognosis for the bulimic individual. This essay will focus on a particular subject, namely, Molly. The article will investigate Mollys case and proffer possible solutions. Biographical Information THE CASE OF 5 Molly is nineteen years old and a second year tertiary student. She arrived to the session wearing tight jeans and a white sweater with coffee stains on one of her sleeves. Her scarf was out of place. Her hair was untidy and messy and her eyes were sunken with dark rings around them. There were no problems with her making eye contact although she displayed no emotions throughout the interview. She appeared to be very tired as evidenced by the repeated yawning and rubbing of her eyes. This led to the smudging of her mascara. Mollys aunt was worried about her and insisted that she see a psychologist at U.C.T.s Psychology Clinic. She was not doing her university work and was also having trouble sleeping. She had been caught bingeing and purging, which was a long-term problem, and was currently in a considerable amount of mental pain. She was also extremely suicidal. History of the Presenting Problem Molly was first exposed to trauma at a young age. Her parents were arguing loudly every night and Molly took it upon herself to stop them by banging with a toy on her door. This strategy worked for many years and led to Molly believing that she was the one who was responsible for keeping the peace between her parents. Molly was embarrassed to bring her primary school friends home as her father had an obvious alcohol dependency issue and was obese. Humphrey and Strober (1987) state that family discord; parental obesity and substance abuse are often seen to be some of the contributing factors to bulimia nervosa. During her primary school years, her fathers extreme negative reaction to her bad report cards flying into a rage and forbidding her to have supper -left Molly feeling unloved, unwanted and rejected. Both her parents would often drink heavily, until they passed out, and so were not there for Molly when she needed parental guidance and support. Added to this was the comparison that was always made between Molly and her younger brother, Luke. Luke was praised as much as Molly was berated; leading to a deep-seated pain and a sense of never being good enough. This level of family neglect all contributed to Mollys eventual development of bulimia (Humphrey and Strober, 1987). Molly attempted suicide in an effort to punish her parents, and herself, for the way in which they treated her. This demonstrates a tendency to rush into behaviors that lessen the negative affect that Molly feels, and Anestis et al. (cited in Anestis et al., 2009) discovered this tendency to be a predictor of bulimia. Molly went to live with her mother after her parents divorced. Her mother suffered from depression and this is seen to be a contributor to Mollys bulimia as Arikian, Keel, Miller, Thuras, Mitchell and Crow (2008) state that severe maternal depression could lead to a poorer prognosis. Molly gained weight once she entered puberty and this led to the other children taunting her, at school, about her weight. She blamed her weight as the main source of her torment: a strong predictor for bulimia (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Her friends were the ones who first exposed her to bulimic behavior. Even though she claims that many people engage in bulimic behavior, she nevertheless states the need to purge in secret. Molly lost weight due to the bingeing and purging and this behavior was reinforced by her friends telling her how good she looked and by boys starting to take an interest in her. Molly started having sex with multiple partners, beginning at age 13. This behavior has continued into her university years. This can be seen not only as an expression of impulsivity but also as a form of reassurance seeking, two behaviors often associated with bulimics (Anestis et al., 2009). Diagnosis The DSM-IV can be used to assist in diagnosing Molly. Axis I refer to clinical disorders: Molly suffers from bulimia nervosa. This is her primary diagnosis. Co morbidly, she also suffers from substance abuse and depression. Axis II refers to either personality disorders or mental retardation. Molly does not appear to have any personality disorders, even though she does display some features of a borderline personality disorder. As it is stated in Nolen-Hoeksema (2004), her impulsive behaviors, like sexual promiscuity and alcohol abuse, are all symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder. However, she is not subject to the continuous vacillation between the extremes of only idealizing or only despising individuals, as described by Nolen-Hoeksema (2004). Nolen-Hoeksema (2004) states that a Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by angry outbursts, due to an unstable mood, and alternates between feelings of low self-worth and feelings of grandiosity. However, in Mollys case, h er angry outbursts are brought about due to a lack of sleep and not due to unstable mood, though she does suffer from that with respect to depression; it seems that she always feels herself to be of low self-worth. Axis III refers to general medical conditions. Molly does not have any general medical conditions. Axis IV refers to psychosocial and environmental problems. Molly comes from a broken home and has poor relationships with both her parents. They have neglected her, been hostile and highly critical of her, since her days in primary school. Therefore, Mollys social support comes from, mainly, her aunt who suggested that she visit a psychologist. Molly had weight problems at school that led to her being taunted and extremely unhappy. Her friends at the time, in high school, introduced her to bingeing and purging behavior. Molly began to get attention from boys and reacted to this by being sexually active from a young age. This behavior continued into her university years. Molly is not doing her university work and says that she needed to take some time off from university. She is under added pressure as her primary caregivers were arguing over how Mollys third year at university was to be financed. Her bingeing and purging episodes escalated dramatically following her visit to her pare nts and stepparent. Axis V refers to the Global Assessment of Functioning. A score of 20 characterizes Molly. Her symptoms are very serious as they can lead to her death or, at the very least, multiple physical problems. She is high in suicidal ideation, and this should be taken seriously and not ignored, and cannot continue with her studies at the present time. Her interpersonal relationships with men are marked by risky sexual behavior and her relationship with her parents serves to exacerbate her bulimic symptoms. She also seems to have no friends. The primary diagnosis is one of bulimia nervosa. There are many factors that point to this diagnosis and that fulfill the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Molly binges on junk food, such as chips and ice cream throughout the day, which is followed by purging. She was also eating in secret thus pointing to a lack of control over her behavior. This behavior started when Molly was thirteen so it has definitely been going on at least twice a week and for longer than three months. Molly was haunted by being overweight at school and attributed all of her problems to her weight, as evidenced by peoples praise of her thinness and by boys starting to take an interest in her. Thus, her preoccupation with her weight is significant. Molly also has two co morbid diagnoses: depression and substance abuse. Her symptoms of depression include emotional symptoms such as waves of mental anguishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which occurred more often, lasted longer, and grew in intensity and flat affect. Her physiological and behavioral symptoms of depression include serious sleep problems and feelings of fatigue as she yawned frequently and rubbed her eyes repeatedly. Her cognitive symptoms of depression include suicidal thoughts and a sense of hopelessness and worthlessness: she says, I thought to myself, nobody cares whether I live or die, so why bother with hospitals? She has major depression as her symptoms have lasted for around two weeks and they interfere with her functioning. Mollys second co morbid disorder is substance abuse. She drinks heavily on the weekends and often gets drunk. She continues to consume alcohol despite having periods where she blacks out and wakes up in bed with someone she has no recollection of even meeting. This is said to have happened frequently. These are hazardous behaviors, as Molly could be assaulted by or contract a sexual disease from any one of these men. The differential diagnoses in this case are substance abuse and depression. Depression is a differential diagnosis as Molly meets the diagnostic criteria of depression but this was ruled out, as the primary diagnosis, despite Mollys initial suicide attempt, as Mollys depressive symptoms appeared after her bulimia nervosa developed and can be seen as one of the symptoms thereof. As Blinder, Cumella and Sanathara (2006) state, Perhaps prolonged illness and chronicity in EDs initiate adverse relational experiences, nutritional causality, and affective blunting that predispose longer-term ED patients to depressive symptoms. Molly also could have been given a primary diagnosis of substance abuse but, once again, this behavior occurred long after the bulimia nervosa began and could be seen to be another symptom thereof. As Hildebrandt and Sysko (2009) state, A significant percentage of treatment-seeking individuals with BN are also diagnosed with a co-morbid disorder, with approximately 20 to 80% classified with a lifetime major depressive disorderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and Among individuals with eating disorders, patients with BNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ report a higher prevalence of alcohol or drug problems. Case Formulation There are a number of psychological theories that underpin Mollys case but, perhaps, the most fitting theory is that of the psychoanalytic theory, a subset of psychodynamic theory (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008). Freud developed psychoanalysis and this theory is largely based on the idea that all behavior stems from unconscious processes. As stated in Nolen-Hoeksema (2004), Freud termed the phenomenon of when a persons defense mechanisms are no longer useful as they are harmful to that individual, the neurotic paradox. One could say that Molly suffers from the neurotic paradox: she has unresolved, and angry, feelings towards her parents and sublimates these feelings by bingeing and purging. Nolen-Hoeksema (2004) mentions Freuds notion of repression: memories or feelings that an individual cannot or does not want to face and so, these memories or feelings, are banished from said individuals consciousness. One could also say that Mollys bingeing and purging stem from her repressing her angry fe elings towards her father, turning them inwards and making use of maladaptive strategies to cope. Many of Mollys problems stem from her family upbringing and the relationship that she has with her primary caregivers, her parents; as will be demonstrated below. Sugarman and Kurash (as cited in Chassler, 1998) state that the bingeing episodes are a way of reconnecting to the mother and the purging occurs out of a fear of being swallowed-up by the mother. This theory points to Molly expressing her anger and disappointment at her mother for not being there to show her the love and support that she needed and so, in this way, Molly is trying to fulfill her need for maternal love in other ways. As Woodall (as cited in Chassler, 1998, p. 403) has pointed out, the bulimic nervosa sufferer uses food as a, reliable transitional object as a way to undo the mothers frightening unreliability. Bowlby (as cited in Chassler, 1998) first established the concept of attachment: a theorizing of the way in which humans are driven to form attachments to certain others. A healthy and nurturing attachment to a primary caregiver leads to a well-adjusted child (Chassler, 1998). However, disturbances in this attachment lead to all kinds of psychological problems developing (Chassler, 1998). As a child, Molly was exposed to her parents hostile feelings towards one another: expressed in their fighting matches. This can be seen to be a disruption in the positive attachment that should have developed between Molly and her parents (Chassler, 1998). Twice in her life, she felt as though she were responsible for her parents behaviors: (1) as a child when she would knock on the door in an attempt to get her parents to stop fighting and (2) when living with her depressed mother, now divorced, and feeling responsible for her mothers emotional wellbeing. As Humphrey (as cited in Chassler, 1998, p . 406) states families of bulimic nervosa sufferers tend to be, higher in conflict, chaos, detachment, neglect, dependency and contradictory communications than normal families. Igoin-Apfelbaum (as cited in Chassler, 1998) found that there are a higher percentage of broken homes among his bulimic nervosa participants than among his control participants. This hostile environment became unbearable for Molly during her primary school years. Her fathers emotional abuse led to Molly feeling worthless and, perhaps, seeing as he attacked her intellectual ability, she felt that she could succeed in another way by controlling her weight and being attractive. Molly may have a genetic predisposition to developing depression as her mother suffers from depression (Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006). Mollys parents both abused alcohol and her father is described as being obese; these are two factors that are linked to the development of bulimia (Humphrey Strober, 1987). Being in direct contact with her fathers obesity may have contributed to Mollys obsession with being thin. Lilenfeld et al. (as cited in Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009) found that individuals with bulimia nervosa with a co morbid disorder of substance abuse mostly have relatives who themselves have a substance abuse problem. Treatment Keel et al.(as cited in Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009) posits that alcohol abuse and eating disorders stem from different etiologies that mutually bear influence upon one another. O Malley et al. (as cited in Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009) found, in his study, that successfully treating the substance abuse disorder did not completely eradicate the bulimic syndrome Therefore, Molly, who has co morbid alcohol abuse and bulimia nervosa, may require an integrated cognitive behavioral therapy treatment that addresses both disorders (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). There are specific modules that Hildebrandt and Sysko (2009) highlight as being the most significant targets that their integrated cognitive behavioral therapy should attempt to heal. Addressing motivation to change is key as adherence to recovery is necessary, in order to prevent relapse (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). Addressing interpersonal relationships, making use of techniques gleaned from psychotherapy, is crucial as interpersonal conflict often serves to exacerbate the bulimic and substance abuse behavior (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). Addressing reward sensitivity can be done in the form of cue exposure, which has been shown to be successful for both substance abuse and bulimic behavior (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). However, cue exposure may not be appropriate for outpatient therapy as it could lead to alcohol consumption after the session (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). Addressing impulsive behaviors is a necessary part of the treatment and dialectical behavior therapy has been found t o be effective in treating the bulimia nervosa sufferers impulsive behaviors (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). For as Hildebrandt and Sysko (2009, p. 95) have stated, The DBT model for BN conceptualizes binge eating and purging as a means of controlling emotions, and emotion dysregulation is therefore considered to be primary problem with ongoing bulimic behaviors. Conclusion: Gender Bias Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf and Jantschek (2007) found bulimic women, whose perceptions of the body shape and size of women that men find attractive, did not differ significantly from that of men. However, they also state that cultural norms indicate that adolescent girls hope to attain self-confidence by achieving a level of thinness. Therefore, women feel that they have to attain a particular level of thinness in order to be desired by the opposite sex. This places women under tremendous pressure. The media contributes to this pressure by displaying images of women who have attained this ideal thereby intimating that it is within every womans power to achieve similar results. Men are under more pressure to be successful in monetary terms as this can snare a mate, whereas women are under more pressure to be physically appealing in order to attract men. This is evident in Mollys case as she states that boys began being interested in her once she had lost her weigh t. Therefore, it is apparent that bulimia nervosa would have a greater propensity in women than it would in men.

James Joyces The Dead - Failure to Create Wholeness from Gnomon :: Joyce Dead Essays

The Failure to Create Wholeness from Gnomon in The Dead      Ã‚   There is little doubt in anyone's mind that Gabriel's speech in "The Dead" is a failure. It is harder to understand what exactly he was trying to accomplish. The almost archaic style contradicts the lighthearted content, and what we are left with is a rambling oration which seems to produce nothing. Reading through the speech, one can not help but be struck by its wondrously odd and seemingly antiquated phraseology:    [Let us] still cherish in our hearts the memory of those dead. . .whose fame the world will not willingly let die.   [T]o go on bravely with our work among the living.    We are met here as friends. . . (202-203) "Those dead," "work among the living," "we are met here as friends" - not exactly the tone which one would expect from an informal after-dinner speech in the midst of a party.   The question is, "Where would one expect to hear this kind of speech?"   The answer is simple:   at a funeral, of course. Not just any sort of funeral, however.   One in particular comes to mind:    We are met on a great battlefield of that war.   We are met to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that this nation might live. . . The world will little not nor long remember what we say her, but it can never forget what they did here.   It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work. . . (261) In its sentiments and even in its diction it is astonishing how alike Gabriel's speech is to Licoln's Gettysburg Address.   Now before you throw down this paper in disgust let me make it clear that I will not be suggesting that Joyce tried to transcribe The Gettysburg Address into Dubliners.   I do think, however, that both speeches come from a certain tradition of speaking, the funeral oration or epitaphioi; and understanding how Gabriel's speech follows or strays from the tradition which it is emulating helps in grasping the reasons behind and consequences of its failure. Lincoln's funeral oration is the only English example of a specifically Athenian phenomenon.   In classical Athens, it was customary for an elected official to give a speech at the funeral for those soldiers who lost their lives during the previous year. James Joyce's The Dead - Failure to Create Wholeness from Gnomon :: Joyce Dead Essays The Failure to Create Wholeness from Gnomon in The Dead      Ã‚   There is little doubt in anyone's mind that Gabriel's speech in "The Dead" is a failure. It is harder to understand what exactly he was trying to accomplish. The almost archaic style contradicts the lighthearted content, and what we are left with is a rambling oration which seems to produce nothing. Reading through the speech, one can not help but be struck by its wondrously odd and seemingly antiquated phraseology:    [Let us] still cherish in our hearts the memory of those dead. . .whose fame the world will not willingly let die.   [T]o go on bravely with our work among the living.    We are met here as friends. . . (202-203) "Those dead," "work among the living," "we are met here as friends" - not exactly the tone which one would expect from an informal after-dinner speech in the midst of a party.   The question is, "Where would one expect to hear this kind of speech?"   The answer is simple:   at a funeral, of course. Not just any sort of funeral, however.   One in particular comes to mind:    We are met on a great battlefield of that war.   We are met to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that this nation might live. . . The world will little not nor long remember what we say her, but it can never forget what they did here.   It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work. . . (261) In its sentiments and even in its diction it is astonishing how alike Gabriel's speech is to Licoln's Gettysburg Address.   Now before you throw down this paper in disgust let me make it clear that I will not be suggesting that Joyce tried to transcribe The Gettysburg Address into Dubliners.   I do think, however, that both speeches come from a certain tradition of speaking, the funeral oration or epitaphioi; and understanding how Gabriel's speech follows or strays from the tradition which it is emulating helps in grasping the reasons behind and consequences of its failure. Lincoln's funeral oration is the only English example of a specifically Athenian phenomenon.   In classical Athens, it was customary for an elected official to give a speech at the funeral for those soldiers who lost their lives during the previous year.

Infrastructure Which Sustains Civilised Life Engineering Essay

Civil Engineers create the substructure which sustains civilized life, yet the public frequently perceives building undertakings as impacting the natural environment Introduction Civil Engineers create and construct substructure that is necessary in order for civilized life to happen as we know it at present twenty-four hours. If we take a normal Londoner as an illustration, bulk of his actions throughout the twenty-four hours will hold trust on some signifier of civil technology substructure. This can be seen from a first thing that a individual does in the forenoon, which is the usage of a lavatory. Water running from a pat and ability to blush the lavatory are all possible thanks to substructure that is created by Civil Engineers. Adequate sewage systems allow for soiled H2O to be distributed off from such topographic points as families, and leting for H2O to be treated doing certain that other H2O beginnings such as rivers are non polluted by the soiled H2O. Sewage systems have contributed a great trade to healthful issues forestalling H2O borne diseases such as cholera, enteric fever and many others. It is let downing to state nevertheless, despite knowl edge how to work out and cover with soiled H2O that around four kids die every minute in developing states because of diseases developing from unequal sanitation and insecure H2O [ 1 ] . This job is chiefly due to miss of finance to make substructure that can cover with sanitation issues. Cities such as London and people that live in them frequently take these things for granted. In developed states such as United Kingdom, H2O supply is treated as a basic human right and support is allowed wherever the demand for it occurs. As population is invariably increasing, of all time turning demand for H2O supply besides increases as people become munificent with usage of H2O for indoor lavatories, baths, rinsing machines, rinsing their autos, garden hosieries and many other intents. Apart from substructure that deals with supply and disposal of H2O, there are many other illustrations where Civil Engineers have contributed to prolonging civilized life. This can be portrayed by adverting the edifice of roads, rail links, Bridgess, canals, tunnels, airdromes and docks, all which help transposing for people easier, either it being from place to work or leisure to other states. However, it does non merely halt here, diverseness of undertakings is tremendous which sustain life as we know it, and for intent of this paper alongside other substructure already mentioned, energy is the one issue that peculiarly has to be pointed out. Taking lone electricity as an illustration, sum of topographic points it can come from, is besides really diverse. Coal power and atomic Stationss are merely an illustration along with many renewable beginnings such as hydro ( i.e. dike ) , air current and solar. Civil Engineers would most decidedly be involved in constructing any of these ins tallations that can bring forth electricity. It would be impossible to believe of a present life as we know it today without electricity. Everything that we do, either it being at place, work or outside our place ( i.e. commutation by train ) will affect usage of electricity. Therefore, if our every twenty-four hours activities comprise and rely on usage of substructure that helps keep civilized life as we know it at present, why do people object when there is a proposal to construct something that will assist us travel about our every twenty-four hours activities. Could a typical Londoner conceive of his life without electricity and H2O to blush his lavatory or H2O to imbibe and lavish? If constructing a dike can assist turn to these issues and convey with it many other benefits why would he or anyone else as a affair of fact object to it and comprehend it as a bad thought? Answer to this inquiry is non easy because there are many facets that have to been taken into an history originating peculiarly from political and sustainability issues every bit good as economical and societal grounds. The staying content of this paper will be to measure negative issues with constructing a big graduated table undertaking such as a dike, and besides measure why societ y should see and let edifice of such a undertaking.Benefits of DamsFirst, allow us concentrate and measure some of the benefits that dikes can convey and hold brought to societies. They can supply them with H2O to imbibe and utilize, protect from implosion therapy ( both river and marine implosion therapy ) , create recreational country, irrigate H2O necessary to turn nutrient and in some instances enhance the environment. Dams have been constructed for many 1000s of old ages, and during different times, demands of societies has changed and so has the dike building. In the past basic construct would hold been to construct some signifier of a barrier across the river. Because of deficiency of cognition and stuffs, bulk of the past dike would hold been some kind of an embankment dike. Typically they would hold been on little graduated table and constructed of excavated natural stuffs ( Earth dams ) . In United Kingdom little reservoirs constructed from such dikes were by mediaeval monasteries to supply supplies of fish, by and large carp [ 2 ] . Back so fresh nutrient could hold been a chief ground, therefore the nutritionary benefit from entrapped fish. As clip went on find of concrete and better apprehension of technology rules allowed for bigger dike. Most of dikes today are multipurpose for grounds mentioned earlier. Arch dikes are concrete or masonry dikes, which are curved upstream to convey the major portion of the H2O burden to the abutments. Their form has the benefit that it can keep back big sum of H2O. Hydropower dike uses the difference in H2O degree between the reservoir pool lift and the tailwater lift to turn a turbine to bring forth electricity [ 3 ] . These are merely two of many other more modern dike design constructs. Coming back to benefits that dams bring, we need to look at back peculiarly around clip of industrial revolution in late eighteenth century, to see how much decease rate has fallen by presenting domestic H2O supply. Provision of clean H2O supply and disposal of sewerage brought down many deceases related to soiled H2O. In Britain in 1832 there were 30,000 deceases from cholera and in 1849 60,000 [ 2 ] . This merely comes to demo how bad the job was at that clip because of deficiency of sanitation, as overcrowding occurred since people were coming into metropoliss for occupations. Larger towns such as Manchester, Liverpool and London than started building upstream reservoirs to provide of all time increasing population with clean H2O. The benefit of this can be seen by looking at Enteric deceases ( high febrility unwellness ) in Figure 1 [ 4 ] , in England and Wales.Figure 1It can be seen that debut of clean H2O supply, decease rate fell aggressively right across the state and that by 1940 ‘s it was virtually at nothing. One of the other benefits that dams provide is the inundation protection from river implosion therapy. This can be achieved in two ways. One of them is by direct protection while 2nd is by routing the inundation through a reservoir provided for other agencies, therefore cut downing the extremum flow in the river downstream of it [ 2 ] . At present EA ( Environmental Agency ) in United Kingdom is peculiarly indicating out that it does non desire new development to increase deluging downstream. By building a dike and holding and empty reservoir, allows for storage of H2O to be provided at important times when there is high precipitation, and the storage reservoir acts as a inundation defense mechanism. Constructing a dike without holding increased deluging downstream can be possible therefore carry throughing Environmental Agency ‘s petition. Good illustration where building of a dike has brought inundation protection to a really big population is The Three Gorges Dam in China. The Yangtze River on which the dike is constructed has claimed 300,000 lives of people that have drowned due to inundations in the last century. It has besides displaced 1000000s of people. At the minute, dike provides flood protection to fifteen million people that live in the inundation field [ 2 ] . Land reclaimed from sea can be used for either agricultural intents or for land development. This can merely be achieved by maintaining sea H2O out and merely manner to this is by building dikes, called sea defense mechanisms. Water from reservoirs can be used for irrigation. This is when H2O from the reservoirs is supplied to set down where harvests and workss are, enabling them to turn. This is peculiarly of import in states with hotter clime and which suffer great trade from dry seasons, hence trusting throughout the full season on irrigation H2O. In 1877, low Nile inundation failed to water adequately, doing dearth and decease among the six and half million Egyptian population [ 2 ] . Reservoirs created from dikes can offer Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Making manmade ( unreal islands ) which allows for birds to rest free from marauders such as foxes, and lagunas can be found along the offshore to keep shallow wetlands for wildlife even during drawdown. Woodland plantations along the shore can thrive thanks to provide of H2O offering dramatic and really beautiful home grounds that can back up really big figure of wildlife that can happen it hard to last in wider countryside. Commercial benefits arise from recreational chances that can be created. Since reservoirs allow for fish to boom, angling on such lakes is a immense potency and beginning of touristry. Not merely this but since most reservoirs are rather large, they offer a safe environment to sailing nines, besides boating and even swimming. Such activities as bird observation, bike equitation, nature walks, bivouacing and others can be possible around the reservoir, all which can heighten touristry. One of the chief benefits associated, for intent of this paper is the hydro power induced from constructing dike. Since turbines that generate electricity are fuelled by H2O, it is a clean fuel beginning offering no emanations. Because it relies on H2O rhythm, which in bend relies on series of events in nature one of them being the Sun, it is considered as a renewable power beginning. The reservoir behind the dike can be used to turn the turbines particularly when the demand for electricity leaps [ 5 ] . Taking United States as an illustration, 80 % of the renewable energy is accounted by hydroelectricity. This is because no emanations are released by combustion of fuels which is the job with atomic and coal discharged power Stationss. Just to show how much C dioxide released into the ambiance is saved by usage of hydropower, National Hydropower Association ( in USA ) , estimates it to be at 77 million metric dozenss. This sum would be tantamount to emanations released from driving 60 two million autos for one twelvemonth [ 6 ] . Production of electricity from hydro power is non fouling for other grounds excessively. Since no chemicals are involved with production, none have to be disposed of which is another great benefit to the environment. In add-on, noise pollution is non of a major concern since many dikes are located in stray countries.Negative facets of DamsDespite benefits that dams have brought, they have besides caused major environmental impacts. Even though they are regar ded as non fouling beginning of electrical power and really of import in H2O supply systems, better apprehension over the old ages of environmental impacts it causes makes many people want to oppose their building. Not merely does the environment suffer from building dikes, there are besides major economic, societal and political issues or concerns. Possibly the best manner frontward to depict negative side of constructing a dike would be to concentrate on one of the most controversial dikes of all time built. This is doubtless The Three Gorged Dam in China. From the really first phase, at proposal, it raised all of the concerns already mentioned. It has to be noted nevertheless, benefits are ever much easier to place and quantify, where as costs on the other manus manifest themselves over many old ages and in assortment of ways. Three Gorges Project Before we proceed onto depicting disadvantages of the Three Gorges, we need to understand more about the existent undertaking. The dike stretches 2.3 kilometers across the great river Yangtze. The tallness of the concrete wall reaches about 200 meters, has a volume of 40 million three-dimensional meters, and has created a reservoir 600-kilometres long with a entire storage capacity nearing 40 billion three-dimensional meters [ 7 ] . The reservoir is about twice the size of the Isle of Weight. So far 20 one generators have been installed, bring forthing about 62 billion kWhr of electricity and this is merely two tierces of the maximal degree that is being aimed at accomplishing [ 7 ] . Under original programs, the power generated from The Three Gorges was meant to fulfill some 10 per centum of entire electricity consumed in China. This mark has n't really been realised because demand for electricity in China has gone up at a higher rate than it was estimated for during design phase. T his figure would look to be at approximately 4 per centum fulfilling current demand. Economy Economic facet in footings of cost is difficult to quantify. Latest estimations of the entire building say that entire cost has been around $ 30 billion. Support has come from four internal beginnings in China and a figure of international moneymans. This is a really big sum of money that has been plugged into the undertaking and its estimated that after 2010 when all the proposed 26 turbines are installed and power production is at full capacity, it will take ten old ages to refund the loans [ 7 ] . However, existent cost are difficult to calculate because of after intervention plants and menaces such as landslides and temblors, political corruptness and monolithic resettlement and ecological losingss, all which might necessitate significant sum of money for remedial action. Fisheries Ecological jobs include impacts on the piscaries of the Yangtze River basin and deposit issues. The basin contains 30 six per centum of all freshwater fish species in China. Twenty seven per centum of all of China ‘s endangered fresh water fish are in the Yangtze basin [ 7 ] . Fish population are capable to fluctuations because of the break that the undertaking has on chemical and temperature composing of the H2O. Dam blocks migration of fish and entree to engendering evidences, and besides blocks nutrient resources available to those fish. The major kineticss of how river plants are altered by the dike and as a effect fish are non being able to accommodate to alter in environment. From WWF ‘s Living Planet Report, from 1970 to 2000, freshwater fish species have declined drastically. Fifty four per centum of 195 index species have exhibited a population diminution, which can be seen in Figure 2 [ 9 ] .Figure 2Dams are called up as one of the most influential in this diminution because they impact fish migration and downstream wetlands. Datas released from Three Gorges Dam corresponds to publish as after building one-year crop of carp was slightly 50 per centum below pre-dam statistic [ 7 ] . Deposit River deposit and deposit flow is another job. Traditionally Yangtze river has transported big sum of deposit from its upper reaches all the manner to China ‘s sea. Completion of the dike calls cause of concern for operational issues every bit good as environmental. Sediment has decreased at Yangtze delta by 30 three per centum of what it was before dam building. Decrease in deposit flow to the delta, allows for job of coastal eroding. How large the job is can non be determined at present but will be debatable most surely in decennaries to come [ 7 ] . China has approximately 83,000 reservoirs that are built for assorted intents, and 330 of these are major in size. Sediment deposition in 230 of them have become a important job, ensuing in a combined loss of 14 per centum of the entire storage capacity. Some have even lost up to 50 per centum of possible storage capacity [ 10 ] . Increased deposit degrees can greatly act upon hydroelectric power end product and flooding bar. Seismicity and Geological Instability Filling up of big reservoirs can do seismal activity and besides due to coerce it builds up on local mistakes. Such an action was predicted for Three gorges Dam aboard increased landslides which are related to seismal activity. Major landslide occurred shortly after the reservoir was filled near town of Qianjiangping on the the Qianggan River near its meeting with Yangtze mainstream. Twenty four million three-dimensional meters of stone and Earth slid into the Qinggan river, killing, destructing belongings and barricading way for boats. In 2007 functionaries and experts have admitted that Three gorges reservoir has caused more frequent landslides. Mayor of Chongqing, said that the shore of the reservoir had collapsed in 90 one topographic points and sum of 30 six kilometers of shoreline caved in. as danger zone extends new relocation of the people have to be made which non merely affects the societies but the cost to the authorities of resettlement. Water pollution Pollution of H2O in Three Gorges reservoir besides has to be accounted for when looking at negatives of building a dike. Harmonizing to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangtze river has become the biggest cloaca system in China. Around Three Gorges reservoir country, there are around three thousand industrial and excavation endeavors which release more than one billion dozenss of effluent yearly, incorporating more than 50 different pollutants. Included in the waste H2O are such poison elements as quicksilver, Cd, Cr, lead and nitrile. Industrial beginnings account for the bulk of the pollution, but big sums besides come from agricultural tally away, residential effluent, urban cloacas and pollution from ships. Surveies that are curried out for pollution do non even see township-level endeavors. There is really small intervention of industrial effluent fluxing into the reservoir country, and no intervention of residential effluent. Everyone so far has been trusting on the rivers cap acity to blush pollutants out to sea to maintain it clean. Following building of the Three Gorges dike, the rivers flow is greatly reduced and with it the blushing capacity of the river [ 10 ] . What is besides dismaying is that there are a figure of unknown diseases that have afflicted local workers on the river, perchance from the increased pollution within the river. Worrying besides is the issue of these harmful pollutants distributing farther into the environing environment particularly into other H2O beginnings, since subsiding of pollutants in the reservoir has possible for belowground H2O motion. Resettlement The biggest cost of the building of Three Gorges dike is the relocation non merely in footings of fiscal cost but in loss to societies and civilizations every bit good, since 1.6 million people had to be abandon their places or otherwise be flooded. The job is that one tierce of those people that had to be moved are husbandmans, and happening new land for them that can be used for agriculture is hard. Chinese authorities has tried to carry husbandmans to give up agriculture and travel into urban lodging and take up employment in metropoliss [ 8 ] . Over 100 towns have been flooded wholly and some 100 archeological sites have been lost to the reservoir. Some of the metropoliss have had a cultural history traveling back to good over one thousand old ages. With new jobs non accounted for such as increasing danger zones from landslides new estimation suggest that farther four million people are to be effected with resettlement [ 7 ] . It is non merely the loss of place that is an issue, tensenesss and struggles on a regular basis occur with local population and new migrators that have arrived. Inadequate planning has left people with bad farming land, nutrient insecurity, joblessness and societal position. Other issues Although the universe is going a more peaceable topographic point, the menace of an onslaught on the Three Gorges dike can non be dismissed. If it were destroyed by military onslaught, the effect for military, and for the full state, would be black particularly because its built in cardinal China. Large metropoliss, atomic power workss, and hydro undertakings are routinely considered premier military marks. Looking back at history, British have bombed Germany ‘s Mohne and Eder dikes during WWII and the US has bombed North Korean dike during the Korean War [ 11 ] . Another issue that will merely be mentioned and non greatly elaborated on is the dike failures. Failure of a really big dike carries with it a much larger possible to do decease than any other major adult male made structure/facility. Due to sudden prostration, inundation moving ridge can be generated that can be really black. Finally, it has to be mentioned that in many democratic states such a undertaking as The Three gorges would hold ne'er been approved. Human rights of the people to be resettled and more significantly many intellectuals would hold been taken into an history which can non be said to be the instance with building of Three Gorges in China. It can be comfortably said that the lone ground undertaking was of all time allowed is because of Chinese Communist leading, which lacks hearing and debating. By commanding the media and intelligence blackouts jobs and desolations are non known and minimised from a full graduated table. Such a government is determined to forestall the full truth from being revealed. If people speak against the determination they risk fring their occupations or worse. This is all due to the one-party system ( communism ) , where politicians have features of dictatorship, and no respect for single leting no democratic treatment at all [ 12 ] .DecisionDuty of Civil Engine ers is to supply people with suited substructure that will let people and societies they live in to transport out their activities. Societies should make up one's mind, sooner through democratic advancement, whether they want development to come on or non [ 13 ] . They should non be forced to accept development of any undertaking. Building of dike has many benefits that have been described most of import of those is that they have possible for clean non fouling production of electricity and proviso of H2O for healthful intents. In some parts of the universe, such as China it can hold a immense potency for forestalling implosion therapy. One of chief thrusts for building of Three Gorges Dam was flood bar for 15 million people. If 1.6 million had to resettle, but 15 million people guaranteed that opportunity of implosion therapy is one in a 1000 many would reason for it to be a good thought. Although there are figure of benefits, it is largely environmental impacts that concern bulk of people. Because dams inundation big sum of countries, it can impact ecological stableness in rivers, particularly for fish, local climatic conditions ( i.e. excess H2O vaporizing from the reservoir ) , and it can do landslides and seismal activity. These are merely some of many environmental issues. Social, economic and political facets are of the same importance and must non be overlooked. Equally long as equal stairss are taken to understate the environmental impacts, doing certain that environment can prolong the substructure, and people to be affected in bulk agree to take resettlement compensation, it is a good thought to construct dikes, but possibly non on such a big graduated table as the Three Gorges.

Kotler Mkting Management Chapter 13

Designing and Managing Services Discussion Questions 1. How do we define and classify services? 2. How do services differ from goods? 3. How can we achieve excellence in marketing services ? 4. How can we improve service quality? 5. How can goods marketers improve customer service? Slide 2 of 29 The Nature of Services 2008 – 2018 Loss of 1. 2 million jobs 2008 – 2018 Gain of 14. 6 million jobs Slide 3 of 29 Service An act or performance one party can offer to another that is mostly intangible and does not result in the ownership of anything. Slide 4 of 29 Categories of Service Mix Mix of goods & services Pure Tangible Good Hybrid Pure ServiceSoap Cell phone Babysitting Slide 5 of 29 Service Characteristics Intangibility Variability Perishability Empty seats Inseparability Slide 6 of 29 Intangibility Create tangible elements †¢ Place †¢ People †¢ Equipment †¢ Communication material †¢ Symbols †¢ Price Slide 7 of 29 Inseparability Work Faster Add More Service Providers Work with Larger Groups Slide 8 of 29 Variability Offer Guarantees Monitor Satisfaction Good Hiring and Training Slide 9 of 29 Overnight Hotel Stay Blueprint Slide 10 of 29 Perishability Empty seats Nonpeak Demand Complementary Services Reservation Systems Differential Pricing Slide 11 of 29 New Services RealitiesCustomer Empowerment Satisfying Employees Customer Co-production Slide 12 of 29 Root Cause of Customer Failure Slide 13 of 29 What Customers Want from Providers Knowledgeable employees Address needs on first contact Treat me like a valued customer 65% 64% 62% 54% 49% 49% 45% 43% 38% Demonstrates desire to meet my needs Can quickly access information Good value for the money Courteous employees Is a company/brand I can trust Treats me fairly Provides relevant/personalized service 0% 10% 20% 30% 31% 40% 50% 60% 70% Slide 14 of 29 Determinants of Service Quality Reliability Tangibles Responsive Empathy Assurance Slide 15 of 29

Free Essays on The Holy Communion Service

So many as intend to be partakers of the holy Communion shall signify their names to the Curate, over night: or else in the morning, afore the beginning of Matins, or immediately after. And if any of those be an open and notorious evil liver, so that the congregation by him is offended, or have done any wrong to his neighbours by word or deed: The Curate shall call him, and advertise him, in any wise not to presume to the Lord's Table, until he hath openly declared himself to have truly repented, and amended his former naughty life: that the Congregation may thereby be satisfied, which afore were offended; and that he have recompensed the parties, whom he hath done wrong unto, or at least be in full purpose so to do, as soon as he conveniently may. The same order shall the Curate use, with those betwixt whom he perceiveth malice, and hatred to reign, not suffering them to be partakers of the Lord's Table, until he know them to be reconciled. And if one of the parties so at variance, be content to forgive from the bottom of his heart all that the other hath trespassed against him, and to make amends for that he himself hath offended: and the other party will not be persuaded to a godly unity, but remain still in his frowardness and malice: The Minister in that case, ought to admit the penitent person to the holy Communion, and not him that is obstinate. Upon the day and at the time appointed for the ministration of the holy Communion, the Priest that shall execute the holy ministry, shall put upon him the vesture appointed for that ministration, that is to say: a white Albe plain, with a vestment or Cope. And where there be many Priests, or Deacons, there so many shall be ready to help the Priest, in the ministration, as shall be requisite: And shall have upon them likewise the vestures appointed for their ministry, that is to say, Albes with tunacles. Then shall the Clerks sing in English for the office, or Introite, (as they c... Free Essays on The Holy Communion Service Free Essays on The Holy Communion Service So many as intend to be partakers of the holy Communion shall signify their names to the Curate, over night: or else in the morning, afore the beginning of Matins, or immediately after. And if any of those be an open and notorious evil liver, so that the congregation by him is offended, or have done any wrong to his neighbours by word or deed: The Curate shall call him, and advertise him, in any wise not to presume to the Lord's Table, until he hath openly declared himself to have truly repented, and amended his former naughty life: that the Congregation may thereby be satisfied, which afore were offended; and that he have recompensed the parties, whom he hath done wrong unto, or at least be in full purpose so to do, as soon as he conveniently may. The same order shall the Curate use, with those betwixt whom he perceiveth malice, and hatred to reign, not suffering them to be partakers of the Lord's Table, until he know them to be reconciled. And if one of the parties so at variance, be content to forgive from the bottom of his heart all that the other hath trespassed against him, and to make amends for that he himself hath offended: and the other party will not be persuaded to a godly unity, but remain still in his frowardness and malice: The Minister in that case, ought to admit the penitent person to the holy Communion, and not him that is obstinate. Upon the day and at the time appointed for the ministration of the holy Communion, the Priest that shall execute the holy ministry, shall put upon him the vesture appointed for that ministration, that is to say: a white Albe plain, with a vestment or Cope. And where there be many Priests, or Deacons, there so many shall be ready to help the Priest, in the ministration, as shall be requisite: And shall have upon them likewise the vestures appointed for their ministry, that is to say, Albes with tunacles. Then shall the Clerks sing in English for the office, or Introite, (as they c...

Mark Twains Colloquial Prose Style

Mark Twain's Colloquial Prose Style Described by biographer Mark Krupnick as the single most important cultural critic in [the 20th] century among American men of letters, Lionel Trilling is best known for his first collection of essays, The Liberal Imagination (1950). In this excerpt from his essay on Huckleberry Finn, Trilling discusses the robust purity of Mark Twains prose style and its influence on almost every contemporary American writer. Mark Twains Colloquial Prose Style from The Liberal Imagination, by Lionel Trilling In form and style Huckleberry Finn is an almost perfect work. . . . The form of the book is based on the simplest of all novel-forms, the so-called picaresque novel, or novel of the road, which strings its incidents on the line of the hero’s travels. But, as Pascal says, rivers are roads that move, and the movement of the road in its own mysterious life transmutes the primitive simplicity of the form: the road itself is the greatest character in this novel of the road, and the hero’s departures from the river and his returns to it compose a subtle and significant pattern. The linear simplicity of the picaresque novel is further modified by the story’s having a clear dramatic organization: it has a beginning, a middle, and an end, and a mounting suspense of interest. As for the style of the book, it is not less than definitive in American literature. The prose of Huckleberry Finn established for written prose the virtues of American colloquial speech. This has nothing to do with pronunciation or grammar. It has something to do with ease and freedom in the use of language. Most of all it has to do with the structure of the sentence, which is simple, direct, and fluent, maintaining the rhythm of the word-groups of speech and the intonations of the speaking voice. In the matter of language, American literature had a special problem. The young nation was inclined to think that the mark of the truly literary product was a grandiosity and elegance not to be found in the common speech. It therefore encouraged a greater breach between its vernacular and its literary language than, say, English literature of the same period ever allowed. This accounts for the hollow ring one now and then hears even in the work of our best writers in the first half of the last century. English writers of equal stature would never have made the lapses into rhetorical excess that are common in Cooper and Poe and that are to be found even in Melville and Hawthorne. Yet at the same time that the language of ambitious literature was high and thus always in danger of falseness, the American reader was keenly interested in the actualities of daily speech. No literature, indeed, was ever so taken up with matters of speech as ours was. Dialect, which attracted even our serious writers, was the accepted common ground of our popular humorous writing. Nothing in social life seemed so remarkable as the different forms which speech could takethe brogue of the immigrant Irish or the mispronunciation of the German, the affectation of the English, the reputed precision of the Bostonian, the legendary twang of the Yankee farmer, and the drawl of the Pike County man. Mark Twain, of course, was in the tradition of humor that exploited this interest, and no one could play with it nearly so well. Although today the carefully spelled-out dialects of nineteenth-century American humor are likely to seem dull enough, the subtle variations of speech in Huckleberry Fin n, of which Mark Twain was justly proud, are still part of the liveliness and flavor of the book. Out of his knowledge of the actual speech of America Mark Twain forged a classic prose. The adjective may seem a strange one, yet it is apt. Forget the misspellings and the faults of grammar, and the prose will be seen to move with the greatest simplicity, directness, lucidity, and grace. These qualities are by no means accidental. Mark Twain, who read widely, was passionately interested in the problems of style; the mark of the strictest literary sensibility is everywhere to be found in the prose of Huckleberry Finn. It is this prose that Ernest Hemingway had chiefly in mind when he said that all modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. Hemingways own prose stems from it directly and consciously; so does the prose of the two modern writers who most influenced Hemingways early style, Gertrude Stein and Sherwood Anderson (although neither of them could maintain the robust purity of their model); so, too, does the best of William Faulkners prose, which, like Mark Twains own, reinforces the colloquial tradition with the literary tradition. Indeed, it may be said that almost every contemporary American writer who deals conscientiously with the problems and possibility of prose must feel, directly or indirectly, the influence of Mark Twain. He is the master of the style that escapes the fixity of the printed page, that sounds in our ears with the immediacy of the heard voice, the very voice of unpretentious truth. See also: Mark Twain on Words and Wordiness, Grammar and Composition Lionel Trillings essay Huckleberry Finn appears in The Liberal Imagination, published by Viking Press in 1950 and currently available in a paperback edition published by New York Review of Books Classics (2008).

50 Idioms About Fruits and Vegetables

50 Idioms About Fruits and Vegetables 50 Idioms About Fruits and Vegetables 50 Idioms About Fruits and Vegetables By Mark Nichol Food, one of the necessities of life, figures often in traditional expressions. Fruits and vegetables, specifically, account for some of the most familiar idioms, including the following. Fruit 1. To compare â€Å"apples and oranges† is to uselessly compare unlike things. 2. The â€Å"apple of (one’s) eye† is a favorite or well-like person. 3. To say that â€Å"the apple never falls far from the tree† is to suggest that a person’s personality traits are close to those of the person’s parents. 4. â€Å"As American as apple pie† means that something is quintessentially representative of American culture or values. 5. â€Å"(As) sure as God made little green apples† suggests certainty. 6–12. To be a â€Å"bad apple† or a â€Å"rotten apple† is to be a bad person. Meanwhile, to say that â€Å"one bad (or rotten) apple spoils the whole bunch (or barrel)† implies that one flawed element or person can undermine an effort or a group, and to be â€Å"rotten to the core† is to be thoroughly bad or worthless. 13–14. â€Å"How do you like them apples?† (or â€Å"How about them apples?†) is a neutral or taunting comment, depending on the context, that refers to an undesirable state or situation. 15–16. To â€Å"polish (one’s) apple† is to flatter someone; a flatterer is an â€Å"apple polisher.† 17. To â€Å"upset the apple cart† is to ruin plans. 18. A â€Å"banana republic† is a weak or corrupt country. 19–20. A â€Å"second banana† is a subordinate, and the â€Å"top banana† is the leader. 21–22. To â€Å"go bananas† is to become excited or crazed, and â€Å"to drive (someone) bananas† is to annoy or irritate someone. 23. Something in â€Å"cherry condition† is excellently maintained or restored. 24. To â€Å"cherry-pick† is to select carefully. 25. â€Å"Life is a bowl of cherries† means that life is easy. 26. To â€Å"not give a fig† is to be unconcerned. 27. A â€Å"lemon† is a flawed or worthless item; the idiom often refers to a vehicle. 28. â€Å"Melon† is sometimes used as slang for head or, vulgarly, for large breasts. 29. To say that someone or something is a â€Å"peach† means that they are beautiful, excellent, or sweet. 30. When everything is â€Å"peaches and cream,† life is going well. 31. A â€Å"plum† assignment or job is a highly coveted one. 32. One is said to have â€Å"sour grapes† when one belittles something one covets but cannot obtain. Vegetables 33–36. To be â€Å"full of beans† is to talk nonsense, and to â€Å"not know beans† is to be ignorant or uninformed. To be â€Å"not worth a hill of beans† is to be worthless, and to â€Å"spill the beans† is to tell a secret. 37–38. To â€Å"dangle a carrot† before someone is to encourage them with an incentive, and the carrot in â€Å"carrot and stick† is an incentive or reward. (The stick is the punishment.) 39. A â€Å"carrot top† is a red-haired person. 40. Someone â€Å"as cool as a cucumber† is very self-possessed under pressure. 41. To â€Å"pass an olive branch† is to make peaceful or reconciliatory overtures. 42. A â€Å"pea-brained† person is stupid. 43. Fog or something else very dense can be described as being â€Å"as thick as pea soup.† 44. To be â€Å"like two peas in a pod† is to be very close with or similar to someone. 45. To be â€Å"in a pickle† is to experience complication. 46. A â€Å"couch potato† is someone who spends an excessive amount of time seated watching television or playing video games. 47–48. A â€Å"hot potato† is a controversial or difficult issue, but to â€Å"drop (someone or something) like a hot potato† is to abandon the person or thing. 49. Something that is â€Å"small potatoes† is insignificant. 50. â€Å"Salad days† refers to the youthful period of one’s life. Fruits and vegetables figure occasionally in figurative references to color, such as â€Å"beet red† (the color of embarrassment), or descriptions of specific hues, like â€Å"cherry red,† as well as other comparisons, including â€Å"pear shaped.† The words fruit and vegetable themselves appear occasionally in idiomatic phrases, including the following: To â€Å"bear fruit† is to produce results. â€Å"Forbidden fruit† is something attractive but not allowed. The â€Å"fruits of one’s labors† are the results of the person’s efforts. To â€Å"become a vegetable† is to be rendered physically disabled or to virtually cease physical activity. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingWriting the Century10 Functions of the Comma

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot Assignment

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot - Assignment Example As such, they use both the patients and samples from her to carry out tests with the view to making discoveries. Howard W. Jones, the doctor who treated Lacks for the first time at Johns Hopkins Hospital handed over the cells to Gey and forgot about the case. The next time he returns to Lacks’ case is after her death when the hospital carries out a partial autopsy (Skloot, 2011). The did this to understand the behavior of the cells thereby considering her lifeless body as a piece of specimen that would help advance the scientific research. Patents are exclusive rights that a state gives to an individual for a discovery. As such, the individual gains financial benefits from disclosing the information about the discovery for a period. The above definition of patents shows that the rights protect inventions. The definition, therefore, makes the ownership of genetic material controversial since no human can invent genetic materials. The fact that there exist trillions of copies of every gene coupled with the fact that genes lack the quality of inventiveness makes it ridiculous to try and patent such. I, therefore, believe that patenting of genetic materials is wrong. Most people strive to patent such in order to maximize profitability (Moore, 2005). While such is the case, increase in patenting such information would lead to increased secrecy in scientific researches. Researchers should make genetic information public in order to enhance scientific research. This may help improve the quality of life in the society. In the health facility I work for, initiating a patient related research is a systematic process that begins with informing the patient. The doctors explain to the patients the nature of their ailment and explain the importance of the researches. After that, the doctors seek the patient’s permission to take samples of their specimen. After giving a consent to the research process, the doctors initiates the

Real estate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Real estate - Essay Example The real estate firms should put in place measures to ease the effects of inflation on their firms to ensure smooth operations. These approaches could either be internal or external to the firm concerned (Ball, 2008, p. 126). Through use of fractions, firms are able to compare their own operations in relation to set objectives and assess the extent to which they were able to accomplish the set goals. Also, they will be able to assess their performance in relation to other players in the same industry and devise means to boost their performances (DTZ Holdings Plc, 2010, P.25). Just like the other trading activities, real estate businesses are influenced by the prevailing market forces (Sunday Mirror, 2011). The real estate must implement tactical decisions to ensure their survival during financial meltdown. Inflation has profound consequences on both businesses and individual consumers. Due to decline in purchasing power, the consumers tend to buy less of product and services with the same amount of money than what they could purchase before the occurrence of recession (DTZ Holdings Plc, 2010, P.46). This is caused by the fact that recession result to increase in prices of the basic consumer commodities which is similar to decline in consumers’ income. Therefore, consumers are required to spend more funds to acquire similar amount of goods and services they used to enjoy before the occurrence of recession. Recession also results to decline in saving ability of the consumers (DTZ Holdings Plc, 2010, P.46). As the prices of commodities and other facilities like housing goes high, the consumers have to allocate greater proportion of their earnings to the basic commodities like food, education and healthcare hence leaving small or no funds at all for savings. Both individuals and the organizations have to devise other means such as innovations to create

Sheikh Zayed AlNahyan biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sheikh Zayed AlNahyan biography - Essay Example However, presently, his rule has come under scrutiny. There is great debt being accrued and little solutions to resolve it as yet. This is how the Sheik’s decadence and spending, which contributed to so many improvements, also, had some negative side effects, as well, particularly debt. In order to understand the man better it is best to start at the beginning. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum was born on July 15th 1949 in Dubai, into a family with a long line of rulers. Al Maktoum family has ruled Dubai since 1833. They are descended from the Al Bu Falasah, a part of the Bani Yas, which was a highly respected and dominant tribal â€Å"federation† made of those who would become the present UAE, founded in the 1970s. The Present Sheikh is not the first member of his family to take a great interest in attempting to stabilize, improve, and change the conditions of Dubai, as a whole, throughout history, many rulers before him have tried. Since the family took power in the 19th century they have all worked to improve Dubai situation and reputations, transforming it into a popular tourist locale and potential business location (Government of Dubai). The young Sheikh Zayed Al Nahyan was privately tutored as a child, but would later, in 1966, attend Bell School of Languages at Cambridge University. In 1979 he married the first of his w ives, and therefore senior wife, Sheikha Hind bint Maktoum bin Juma Al Maktoum, and his youngest and newest wife Princess Haya bint Al-Hussein is the daughter of the Hussein of Jordan. In his lifetime he has welcomed 16 children into the world (The Biography Channel 1). It was in 1995, at the age of 46, he was named Crowned Prince of Dubai and in his new position he eagerly began fulfilling his vision of Dubai becoming a lush and popular place, no longer just a tiny piece of desert. After he

Project paper on Addison Disease Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project on Addison Disease - Research Paper Example so leads to the secretion of androgens which are important for the normal sexual development in a person along with the proper hair distribution (GANONG, 2005). In Addison’s Disease the hormone that is initially and mainly affected is aldosterone. It is then that cortisol and the androgens follow. The laboratory findings indicate the ionic imbalance led to by aldosterone deficiency. The decreased levels of sodium arise because the ions cannot be reabsorbed due to the absence of aldosterone and hence they are lost in urine which results in low levels of the sodium ions in the blood. At the same time potassium ions which are exchanged for sodium in the kidney tubules with the assistance of this hormone do not get excreted and this results in high levels of potassium in the blood and hence the condition hyperkalemia. The retention of hydrogen ions also occurs because aldosterone plays a role in the excretion of hydrogen ions. Thus this results in increased levels of hydrogen ions and resultant acidosis. Retention of chloride cannot occur due to decreased aldosterone as well which results in low levels of chloride ions in the blood. Anot her reason for low chloride level is that there is an exchange of chloride with the bicarbonate in the cells. This is because bicarbonate is required for the compensation of the acidosis which has resulted and hence the chloride ions enter the cell and the bicarbonate ions are ejected in the extracellular compartment. The loss of chloride ions can also be associated with the vomiting episodes that the patient had. This is because the gastric juices contain a high content of chloride and prolonged vomiting can lead to a reduction in the level of the chloride ions. The low level of carbon dioxide is also because of the compensatory hyperventilation which results to overcome the metabolic acidosis. This occurs in the form of deep breaths and is referred to as Kussmaul breathing. This results in loss of carbon dioxide and hence the

Persuading local business owners to develop a parking structure Research Proposal

Persuading local business owners to develop a parking structure - Research Proposal Example Lastly, the proposal includes details regarding different personnel of XYZ Company that will play a crucial role in success of the project. In this regard, XYZ Company shows its commitment to facilitate twenty-six business organizations of Washington Square Plaza in fulfilling its requirement of parking structure with the provision of quality service and first-class products. Kindly do not hesitate in contacting the company at (123) 456-7890 or through email at abc@xyz.com Sincerely Yours Mark Siegel XYZ Company Project Manager abc@xyz.com (123) 456-7890 Executive Summary It is a study that since few years, there has been noteworthy increase in the quantity of business organizations operating in Washington Square Plaza, and that has caused expansion of businesses. ... Besides present issues and problems, it is expectation of Washington Square Plaza’s management that number of organizations operating in the plaza will augment in the coming years due to its chief position and easy entrance from around the city. For this basis, the proposal includes dialogue on brief explanation of parking project for authorization from all the organizations operating in the Washington Square Plaza. The proposal includes a map of surrounding areas of Washington Square Plaza as well that signifies main position of the plaza and indicates space of parking structure with the red balloon. At present, the parking structure will allow approximately two hundred cars in its space, whereas, the structure has capacity for extension that will allow parking of another 200 cars. In brief, the project will include five phases of initial planning, data analysis, concept development, concept to customers, and preliminary design. Introduction It is an observation that since fe w years, there has been significant increment in the number of business organizations operating in Washington Square Plaza, and that has resulted in growth of businesses. However, at the same time, employees and employers of these business organizations are confronting a huge issue of parking due to increased number of employees working in the building, and thus, increment in the demand of spaces for parking. In this regard, this proposal will include description of different aspects of the parking project. Need Statement Analysis (McDonald, 2007) has indicated that Washington Square Plaza has twenty-six business organizations in its premises, and approximately, every business organization has twelve employees on average.

Student Action Plan LSL Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Student Action Plan LSL - Assignment Example For example if we waste the clean supply of water now and continue to pollute the remaining by industrial waste, we are assured that the forthcoming generation will be forced to desalinate water. From my educational experience I seek to treasure the environment as the most precious gift that the creator ever awarded man as a source of resources. I also seek to enlighten others on the importance of utilizing our resources accordingly. It is also my obligation to inform others that sustainability is not only a matter of environmental maintenance but as a social responsibility of all and to ensure that they maintain ethical behaviors. It is with no doubt that based on my interest in this field I will be highly interested in advancing in this field of professionalism. In order to ensure that I play a productive role in ensuring the sustainability of the environment, I must be socially responsible. To ensure that we have reliable soil, I seek to enlighten others on the importance of not dumping untreated chemical waste. To save water, I will minimize waste of water and ensuring that I tell others on the same. Finally when it comes to minimizing wastage of resources, I seek to educate others on the importance or recycling and reusing material so as to outdoor reduce the stress on the need for new ones. I must make a difference on this planet because it houses my present and my future, together with that of others too. It is therefore my responsibility to ensure the existence of both the present and the future. In this light, below I present my sustainability plan: Back in the house, I seek to completely change the lighting system to use energy saving bulbs. In addition the source of electricity is to be changed from grid electricity to renewable energy sources such as solar panels. I also want to advocate for purchase of fully electric cars like the Tesla s. At the campus, I seek to audit their energy use, from which I will be able to assist them on how

Persuading local business owners to develop a parking structure Research Proposal

Persuading local business owners to develop a parking structure - Research Proposal Example Lastly, the proposal includes details regarding different personnel of XYZ Company that will play a crucial role in success of the project. In this regard, XYZ Company shows its commitment to facilitate twenty-six business organizations of Washington Square Plaza in fulfilling its requirement of parking structure with the provision of quality service and first-class products. Kindly do not hesitate in contacting the company at (123) 456-7890 or through email at abc@xyz.com Sincerely Yours Mark Siegel XYZ Company Project Manager abc@xyz.com (123) 456-7890 Executive Summary It is a study that since few years, there has been noteworthy increase in the quantity of business organizations operating in Washington Square Plaza, and that has caused expansion of businesses. ... Besides present issues and problems, it is expectation of Washington Square Plaza’s management that number of organizations operating in the plaza will augment in the coming years due to its chief position and easy entrance from around the city. For this basis, the proposal includes dialogue on brief explanation of parking project for authorization from all the organizations operating in the Washington Square Plaza. The proposal includes a map of surrounding areas of Washington Square Plaza as well that signifies main position of the plaza and indicates space of parking structure with the red balloon. At present, the parking structure will allow approximately two hundred cars in its space, whereas, the structure has capacity for extension that will allow parking of another 200 cars. In brief, the project will include five phases of initial planning, data analysis, concept development, concept to customers, and preliminary design. Introduction It is an observation that since fe w years, there has been significant increment in the number of business organizations operating in Washington Square Plaza, and that has resulted in growth of businesses. However, at the same time, employees and employers of these business organizations are confronting a huge issue of parking due to increased number of employees working in the building, and thus, increment in the demand of spaces for parking. In this regard, this proposal will include description of different aspects of the parking project. Need Statement Analysis (McDonald, 2007) has indicated that Washington Square Plaza has twenty-six business organizations in its premises, and approximately, every business organization has twelve employees on average.

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Research proposal - Essay Example In analyzing the data, SPSS program and the Microsoft Excel are in use. The report will then be detrimental to the department and the relevant authorities for the sake of health promotion. The relevant health departments will be informed of the findings for the sake of incorporation in their departments. In men, the urine flow is through the urethra. Enlargement of the prostate gland is likely to blocks urine flow. The urethra narrows, therefore, forcing the urethra to contract forcefully to push urine through. The bladder muscles thicken, becomes stronger and sensitive over time; it, therefore, begins to contract in the presence of a small amount of urine due to its increased sensitivity causing need for frequent urination With time, the bladder muscles become ineffective to pressing out urine due to the narrowed urethra so urine tends to remain in the bladder, and it is completely not emptied. It in the end puts an individual at risk of developing urinary tract infections. Bladder stones, blood in urine, incontinence and acute urinary retention are a few serious problems that can develop over time. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a histologic diagnosis referring to the multiplication of smooth muscle and epithelial cells within the prostatic transition zone. The etiology of BPH is unknown; however, there is a similarity between BPH and the embryonic morphogenesis of the prostate. The lower urinary symptoms have resulted from the enlarged gland. Direct bladder outlet obstruction has resulted to voiding symptoms. The prevalence and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms in aging male population are progressive, and it is, therefore, important the diagnosis in the healthcare of the patient and a large society. Despite the lack of enough information to explain the pathophysiology, BPH is treatable through surgical and medical treatment (Bird et al., 2013, pg. 347). Prostate gland is located within the male reproductive system. The gland is just

The influence of the media: Canadian elections

The influence of the media: Canadian elections Mao ZeDong once said that power comes out of the barrel of a gun. While that is still true, power also comes out of the manipulated images created to change ones thinking process and behaviour. Through the world of third person communication, technologies have generated various types of media. This paper will be discussing the effects and influential powers exercised by media in Canadian elections. During this complex process, understanding the brief history of media organizations as well as some information on Canada will provide a steppingstone for a deeper knowledge of the concepts and practices. Practically, in every attitude of the election campaign will engage the media. In fact, media is the ultimate platform where all political parties will be fighting on. Whether by budging through television and news reports or by purchasing time and space on mass media, parties must always use media to hype voters for support. Media organizations have their own agenda. They tend to sell themselves to the audiences with their star reporters, journalists, and as much as they can cover over the course of election. Inevitably, news will be discriminately selected, stories will be twisted, and they will be promoted with personal views and reactions. Mass media, therefore, will have powerful influences on voters. Canada, the country with the highest per capita immigration rate in the world, is far more familiar to multiculturalism than any other countries. Citizens are more social and less religious, while at the same time, keeping less class oriented and less partisan, than Americans who are more troubled by racial issues. As stated by Ian McAllister: Partisan dealignment implies that fewer voters begin the election cycle with such predisposition, making them more susceptible to the short-term issues and themes of the campaign. In other words, Canadians tend to have less political attachments and therefore consumers have greater effects on broadcast media. First Canadian media is the invention of newspaper. It is developed in the eighteenth century as gazettes. The official publications at that time are restricted only to edicts and laws, and some news from the home country; editorial materials are highly prohibited. Reporters are often beaten, threatened or jailed by the authorities. Until 1820s and 1830s, after William Lyon Mackenzie and Joseph Howe have fought and won the important court battle on in the area of publications materials, the right to publish freely can finally be ensured. Since then, various types of media have surfaced within citizens lives. Consumers are able to acquire contents that can be accessed through newspaper, television, radio, magazine, video product, or the internet. A new market has been innovated. Yet, the ownership of this new product remains in relatively few hands. These privately owned corporations, controlled by very wealthy people, dominate the Canadian media business. The effects are quite obvious, as Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky state: they are closely interlocked, and have important common interest with other major corporations, banks and government. Reporters keep close contact with the government as they could be benefited greatly from these close relationships. They could boost their popularity and influential ratings, as they were often given important scoops and leads, and they were known to have key connections to important backstage information. In the recent years of Canadian newspaper industries, some of the most significant changes were that the family-owned newspaper sold to newspaper chains owned by large business organizations. While reducing the production cost, newspapers became within reach of ordinary people, whereas, in the nineteenth century, newspapers were relatively expensive and available only to the elites. One of the biggest newspaper companies, Canwest, now under the control of Shaw Media, owns thirteen newspapers in Canada, which together control over thirty percent of Canadas newspapers circulation. Another large communications company is Sun Media, which issues thirty six different newspapers, making it the most number of papers per company. The two companies cover up to fifty one percent of the total number of newspaper and take over fifty-four percent of Canadas total newspapers circulation, thus, creating a concentrated ownership. With dominate powers; these two companies are in much lesser competiti on forces. They will feel unnecessary needs on the range of media information than do the need to make profits and the organizational structure of news-gathering and reporting. As a result, concentrated ownership is seen as limiting the range of ideas and information that reach the public. The limitation on the range of ideas and information was further explained by Walter Lippman who first proposed that the function of news is to signalize an event. The concept can be understood more in details by the argument made by Bernard Cohen after his research during the 1960s, The press is significantly more than a purveyor of information and opinion, it may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about. During the elections of 1988, as one of the major campaign themes, the New Democratic Party (NDP) constructed the following message (audio): The job is hard work. I love it and Im good at but Canadas good Medicare is being threatened by the Mulroney free trade deal. In the United States Ive seen whole families wiped out by one illness. We cant let that happen here in Canada. The New Democrats started Medicare and I know I can trust Ed Broadbent to fight for it. This time, Ed Broadb ent. The short commercial, highlighting a nurses fear on the health care system of Canada, have created the NDPs most successful election in the history, a 20.4 percent of votes with 43 district seats in the House of Commons. Media plays a role in social learning. The first appearance of this effect can be extracted from the World War I; when tens of millions of people being entertained, and influenced by the latest Hollywood films, and when large numbers of population were being subjugated and manipulated by the propagandas created by Hitler and Stalin. The first research on such effects was conducted in 1920s and 1930s, and sometimes called the magic bullet theory. The hypothesis behind was that media images could directly penetrate peoples conscious and unconscious thoughts. In a study of 1,800 children and adolescents, Herbert Blumer concluded that when his subjects saw behaviours of the actors in the films that were beyond their own experiences, subjects behaviours were altered primarily based on what they had been seen at the movies. To be effective and influential, political parties must find consistent association between media viewing and an increase in changing behaviour. Effective broadcast of media is like the shadow striker; it hits the viewer anonymously. Agenda-setting and priming can be adopted for an effective broadcast to influence viewers. Various researches on agenda-setting involved relationship between the priorities on a particular issue set by the media and by the public. McCombs whom first started researches on agenda setting noted that the media influence what people believe before they reach a decision, particularly and election decision. If candidate is able to lead voters to a realization on a particular issue, and set it to top priority, then they may have an effective advantage. With a condition that the voter is not a partisan, in which something Canada tends to have less of. Priming the audience is identified by Iyengar and Kinder as a phenomenon that they described as by calling attention to some matters while ignoring others, television news influences the standards by which governments, presidents, policies, and candidates fo r public office are judged. If the television news broadcast the environmental issues over a significant time period as lead items, then environmental issues will be the deciding factors to the government for viewers. When it comes to television advertising, these techniques can be very effective. Another important finding on media effect is the role of repeated messages which was studied by Rothschild and Ray(1974). In an experiment using short ads about candidates, 20 percent of the subjects remembered the candidates after the message had been presented once; 55 percent of the subjects could name the candidates after it had been presented six times. The experience can be summarized into; message repetition is an important factor in familiarizing voters with candidates and issues. In Canada, the current election laws give the governing party enormous advantage in the media campaign. During each election campaign, each broadcaster must have a certain amount of minutes made available for political parties to purchase for advertising based on the number of seats that each party has in the House of Commons, the percentage of the vote in the last election, and the number of each party candidates running for election. In 2008 election campaign, 396 minutes in total were allocated; the governing party, the Conservative Party, had 95.5 minutes, the runner up, the Liberal Party, had 82.5 minutes, and the New Democracy Party only had 45 minutes. The result of the 2008 election was the Conservative Party won 143 seats with 37.6 percent in vote, the Liberal Party has 77 seats with 26.2 percent in vote, and the New Democracy Party has 37 seats with 18.2 percent in vote.In concept, with the datatand advertisers at least as much as they cover the election.

Essay --

The Boer War has been the focus of a considerable body of fiction numbering over two hundred novels and at least fifty short stories in English, Afrikaans, French, German Dutch, Swedish and even Urdu if we count the translation of Rider Haggard's Jess in 1923. For the social and literary historian it provides over a hundred year record of the relationship between literature and history. The vast majority of novels and short stories about the Anglo-Boer conflict were published around the time of the war and reflect the values and attitudes to British imperialism. Some of the titles published then give a fairly accurate impression of the patriotic fervour which found its way into print: B. Ronan, The Passing of the Boer (1899); E. Ames, The Tremendous Twins, or How the Boers were Beaten (1900); C.D. Haskim, For the Queen in South Africa (1900); F. Russell, The Boer's Blunder (1900); H. Nisbet, For Right and England (1900) and The Empire Makers (1900). Among the more notable literary figures of the day who were closely associated with the events of the Anglo‑Boer conflict were Rudyard Kipling (1865‑1936); Winston Churchill (1874‑1965); H. Rider Haggard (1856‑1925); Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859‑1930); Sir Percy Fitzpatrick (1862‑1931); Edgar Wallace (1875‑1932); and John Buchan (1875‑1940)). Some of the most interesting names associated with satirising the Anglo‑Boer conflict include H.H. Munro (Saki) (Alice in Pall Mall, 1900); G.K. Chesterton (The Napoleon of Nottinghill, 1904), Hilaire Belloc (Mr Clutterbuck's Election, 1908) and Kipling: "Fables for the Staff", published in The Friend in 1900 in which he lampooned the incompetence of the British general staff. Douglas Blackburn's A Burgher Quixote (1903) is one of the most unde... ...any Boers from the Cape, and later the two republics, who joined the National Scouts and fought for the British, but there were many Cape Boers who joined the commandos. This aspect of the war produced some of its finest responses in fiction, for example Herman Charles Bosman's short stories "The Traitor's Wife" and "The Affair at Ysterspruit", and Louis C. Leipoldt's novel Stormwrack (1980). The question of divided loyalties is a large issue in Boer War fiction. Nor did the conflict end with the war. As late as 1980 a successful Australian film Breaker Morant was based on Kenneth Ross's play and Kit Denton's novel The Breaker (1973). The Boer War has continued to be a popular subject for escapist fiction. Whereas the writers at the height of the Empire were overwhelmingly British, with the decline of imperialism the field is now dominated by South African writers