Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet EssayWilliam Shakespe be, one of the most famous playwrights of all time, was born in Stratford upon Avon in 1564 and died in 1616. He was one of eight children of toilette Shakespe ar, a local town official and glove maker, and Mary Arden. In 1982 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway at only eighteen. They had three children together, Susanna, and twin Judith and Hannet. Sadly Hannet tragically died at eleven. Shakespeare was k like a s heatedn for performing at the Globe theatre with the Chamberlains Men. He wrote 37 plays in his lifetime and one of his most famous plays was Romeo and Juliet. I am personnel casualty to compare lines 1-100 of Act cardinal, Scene One from the text of the two plastic carry versions Franco Zeffirellis version and Baz Luhrmanns version. The text opens with the prologue, which gives a brief outline of the story, it is 14 lines long, and is therefore officeistic of what is known as a sonnet. It is about two families from Verona, both of similar status both nauseate the other due to an ancient feud, the lovers, Romeo and Juliet both from severally of the families take their own lives for their love.Their death makes their parents see sense. Shakespeare has deliberately revealed the ending in the prologue so that the audience may judge the char crookers and the events up to the final tragedy. Act One Scene One begins in a public belongings. It starts like a comedy with word-play and puns from Gregory and Sampson, both servants of the Capulet house. They boast about what they would do to the Montagues. One pun apply is Well non carry coals. This means well not stand for some(prenominal) insults. No, for then(prenominal) we should be colliers. This means if we do stand for any insults then we shall be coal sellers or coal miners which were probably regarded as dirty and poor people in their day. Sampson uses rude language, to boast about what they would do to any Montagues Therefore I will push Montague s men from the wall, thrust his maids to the wall. Sampson thinks that love is just a matter of brutal conquest of another body. This part of the guesswork is very bragging(prenominal) and light hearted, until Abraham and a servant, both from the Montague house enter and the scene turns instantly threatening and tension increases.Sampson and Gregory turn from cosmos boastful to serious, in a way this is ironic because when the they were joking, they were not afraid of motto about what they would do to the Montagues, exactly now when they come across the Montagues they become unsure as to whether to torment them or not, because Gregory says How, turn thy back and run? Hes unsure whether to chevvy the Montagues. But Sampson is not as afraid as Gregory, so he decides to provoke them by biting his thumb at Abraham and the servant. Biting thumbs was regarded as an insult in that day.Both houses start bantering at separately other, both speech production politely with a threaten ing undertone. Gregory says Do you Quarrel sir? Which is do you fence. The Capulets crave for a troth by aggravating the Montagues, but the Montagues are not up for a fight. At this point Benvolio enters and Gregory says Here comes one of my master kinsmen. But he is not referring to Benvolio because he is a Montague. He is referring to Tybalt who is approaching. So the Capulets start the fight themselves when Sampson says Draw if you be men, Gregory remember thy washing blow. The word washing blow means in this context, a slashing blow, which is a sword move. They then fight but there is no description of what happens. Benvolio who is against fighting stops the fight, but then Tybalt who is a Capulet enters and he offers Benvolio to fight . Turn thee Benvolio, look upon thy death. Tybalt is an aggressive character and when he enters he is spoiling for a fight and he does not believe in peace, this is evident when Benvolio says I do but keep the peace. Benvolio tries to revita lize the peace because he is a peacemaker. Tybalt does not believe that Benvolio is trying to stop the fight so he threatens Benvolio What, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word . have at thee coward. Then Tybalt attacks Benvolio and a huge brawl follows, but this time the citizens and the officer attempt to break up the fight. The mood is now chaotic. Old Capulet and noblewoman Capulet enter. Old Capulet wants to be involved in the fight Give me my long sword, ho. Lady Capulet replies A crutch, a crutch Meaning a crutch great power be better because he is too old to fight. Then enters Old Montague and Lady Montague, he likewise wants to fight but Lady Montague attempts to stop him by restraining him. The two heads of the families seem foolish and try to stand up for their family by trying to be involved in the fight. Then Prince Escalus enters with his train, these are his guards in our context. He is in charge of Verona and he breaks up the fight mingled with the two fami lies. He is furious with them both. He gives a long speech to the two families.He compares their behaviour to beasts You men, you beasts, that quench the fire of your pernicious rage He also says that there have been three civil brawls between the two families in Veronas streets. He has had enough of it and the pointless fighting has disrupted the social life of the city. Their punishment if this happens again would be paid with their lives. Many of the characters from the two families seem to act showtime and think later. For instance some characters jump into a fight without thinking of the consequences.The fight breaks out quickly between the two families which proves the point that some of the characters act first, think later. These first 100 lines prepare the audience for the haste and speed which plays a big part in the coming tragedy of the deaths of Romeo and Juliet and it prepares for the fights that take place later on in the play. The Franco Zeffirelli film version of the play is set in the 15th century in the town of Verona in Italy which is the ideal pose to the play.The first scene which I am going to study is set on a bright sunny morning in the town market. The costumes exhausted are authentic to the 15th century, these include tight leggings known as Hose and close fitted jackets known as doublets worn by the men. The two families also wear the livery of their household. The Montagues livery is blue and grey and the Capulets livery are red and orange. The film introduces with a prologue, just like the text. As the Prologue is being spoken, the film shows a number of views of Verona.While this is being shown, music authentic to the time is played along with it. The prologue is correct to the text but the last two lines are cut out. After the prologue, the film goes straight to Veronas market, the public place. This market setting is authentic with its old sandstone buildings and its bustling market. Sampson, Gregory and another Capulet who is not included in the text, are walking through the market joking and being a nuisance to some of the citizens by kicking them for a joke. This portrays the Capulets as trouble makers.The mood is boastful and light hearted, which is faithful to the text. The film does not include the conversation about Colliers and Montague maids spoken between the Capulets. But it starts on line 25 when Gregory says The quarrel is between our masters and us their men. Sampson replies to this Tis all one. This is correct to the text, but it misses all the lines afterwards where Gregory says Here comes the house of the Montague. The Montagues consist of three people here, Abraham and two other Montagues not named.They are shown buying items from a market stall, you see them thanking the stall keeper and being polite to the citizens, Zeffirelli portrays the Montagues as nice people even though there is no evidence of this in the text. The banters between the two families are started just like the text. Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues. This is also known as an insult in the film. The banters between them are correct to the text. After Abraham says You Lie. The Montagues walk away from the Capulets because they dont want to start any trouble.This is evidence to suggest that the Montagues are nice people. Sampson retaliates to this because he craves for a fight. He deliberately trips up the older member of the three Montagues. This is not included in the text. Sampsons retaliation makes Abraham angry and he declares the fight by saying Draw if you be men. This is actually said by Sampson in the text. Then Sampson completes the sentence from the text Gregory, remember thy washing blow. The brawl starts with both sides charging at each other. The scene is now in the streets of Verona near the market.The citizens help the Montagues break up the brawl by grabbing hold of the Capulets. Then Benvolio enters, he stops the fight and says his lines from the text, but in add ition to this he says The prince expressly forbids fighting on Veronas streets. This is not in the text. Then Tybalt with a lot more of Capulets men enter, he laughs in a threatening way and the mood suddenly gets threatening, he and Benvolio say their lines, which are correct to the text. Benvolio is cowardly towards Tybalts will to fight, and the brawl begins again.The mood is chaotic and hot because it is set on a bright and hot street. During the fight, Tybalt injures Benvolio and he says hi thee home? Fragment. This means youre a coward and you should go home, Tybalt says it in a boastful way. The film shows the fight with lots of chaos, colours, close ups, lots of action, aerial shots of fighting, village people trying to stop the fight, things flying through the air, explicit bits like people being killed, there is no evidence of this in the play, it is hard to see who people are, such as who is Montague and who is Capulet.At one point during the fight, Zeffirelli shows us the two households. He shows Old Capulet gathering his men and charging out into the chaotic fight. There is no conversation between Old Capulet and Lady Capulet, despite this being in the airplane pilot text. Zeffirelli also shows us Old Montague gathering his men to go and join the fight, and Lady Montague attempting to stop him. At this part the conversation between Old Montague and Lady Montague is correct to the text, but it misses parts out.

Group Behavior and Processes Essay Example for Free

Group Behavior and Processes EssayGROUP BEHAVIOR AND PROCESSESGroup behavior and processes in this paper is about a problem with a refreshed low income governing lodging development and the illegal activities that have impacted the community in making the neighborhood unsafe. The author of this paper sees not plainly the different illegal groups behaviors as the problem in this scenario but also the behavior group that is supposed to be in charge of this low income government housing development as the problem also. This is the processes that the author of this paper would do to resolve a lot of these problems (Peak, 2012). WHAT KINDS OF INFORMATION WOULD YOU COLLECT TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS SUCH AS DRUGS, PROSTITUTION, AND VANDALISM?First you have to use the local justness enforcement agency to come into this neighborhood and having them do round the clock undercover and stakeouts. Having the local law enforcement agency identify and keep accurate records on the main problem pers ons in the drug, prostitution, and vandalism issues. Also have the law enforcement agency document well everyone involved in doing illegal activity at the local convenience store that is close by. Try to make active narcotic buys, prostitution buys, and conclusion theperpetrators in the vandalism problem and documenting them to make cases against for each one and every one in this sm every(prenominal) flat tire unit neighborhood will help tardily down and eventu totallyy alleviate the illegal activity in short order (Peak, 2012).You also need to identify all the bureaucrats involved in working(a) at the low income government housing project. Find out with an external audit who makes the decisions in approving applications to move into this government housing unit and wherefore their rules were broken allowing those with criminal records to move into this small 58 apartment housing unit. Once the external audit has found culpability, replace those involved in good luck the ru les. Re-evaluate each and every application of those residents who have criminal records and place them in a separate file from the law abiding residents in the units.. (Peak, 2012).WHAT KINDS OF RESPONSES MIGHT BE CONSIDERED?The local law enforcement agency can take one apartment over and have a senior law enforcement officer move into the apartment and take up residence. By having an officer live in the apartment unit would give the residents a sense of stability in their unstable world. Having this conformity of community policing will get needed intelligence from residents to help fight the crime in this apartment unit. While patrol officers are patrolling the neighborhood they should each make it a point to stop at the convenience store for coffee stops and spend while on foot patrol in the area. Field interviews should be done with the individuals just hanging out. Make it known that law enforcement is in the area to stay. Monthly meetings need to be put unitedly with the b ureaucrats at the low income housing agency and law enforcement agency to keep each other informed on what is going on with these apartment units (Peak, 2012).WHAT TYPES OF estimate WOULD YOU PERFORM?I would assess the local law enforcement agency with how much help are they giving the low income government housing agency for all their low incomehousing units. The bureaucrats need to work together with the local law enforcement agency to eradicate the illegal activity. Once the local law enforcement agency has all the evidence they need to make cases, start the arrest process. When the arrest process takes place, eviction notices needs to go out to those with criminal records at the same time in coordination with the arrests.Once an apartment unit opens up the bureaucracy moves a new resident in with no criminal record and none on their childrens record. Every six months gradually going to once a year external audits need to assess the performance on the low income government housi ng agency to make sure the rules are being applied to make sure the safety of the residents are a priority (Peak, 2012).ReferencePeak, J.K. (2012). _Justice Administration Police, Courts and corrections Management_ (7th ed.).Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Cash Flow Management and Forecasting | Case Study

currency Flow Management and Forecasting Case StudyCash course focusCash spring management is the process of monitoring, analyzing and adjusting business specie tends1. Cash is king is the often heard business clich, yet it is borne out of reality. It is monitoring of actual silver period of times against the gold period of time projections for the period, analyzing the reasons for variation and then implementing the necessary actions to manage business financials. Cash catamenia management is base on cash flow projections which is different than profit and sack account and, in times of cash shortage, may be more than important (Oxford, 1997).Importance of preparing a cash flow forecastA cash flow forecast shows the projects in flows and out flows of cash in a business. It is an important tool in cash flow management as it helps to rank the gaps in cash over the projected period. Lets look at the importance of cash flow forecast for different stakeholdersOwner / inves tor. Cash flow forecast shows the maximum shortfall in cash during the projected period and gives idea about maximum capital funding is required.Banks / lenders. It helps in analysing the conviction worthiness of the business and matches it with lenders appetite for risk. It also shows whether business will generate sufficient cash over time to meet repayments.Creditors. If business is not in a strong position, creditors like to see cash flow forecast to analyse whether to give stock on credit and under what terms.Cash flow forecastAnnexure I shows the cash flow forecast for the year ending 31 Dec 2004. It shows minimum cash fit of 0 in February 2004 and is based on the following assumptions panache X is a high street sport shop with no gross revenue on debtor accounts. All sales immediately result in cash in flows.The profits generated are small and hence company pays no tax.The projected bank balance on 3 world-class Dec 2004 is 26,500. This is because Sprint X has yet to make the stock payments of 12,500 for December 04 as these are due in January 2004 only.Though the minimum balance is 0 in February 2004, in reality it might be even lower. The intra-month cash position could be even worse because of the followingThe above cash flow forecast of 0 in February 2004 is based on month end. Monthly rent of 2,500 for March is due on 1st March 2004. So the cash balance on 1st March 2004 could be as low as -2,500.Payment terms and dates of utility providers and suppliers.Payment dates of bank charges.Advantages of victimisation a spreadsheet for cash flow forecastingSpreadsheet software for personal computers is a powerful tool for cash flow forecasting. Its major advantages areArithmetic errors are virtually n whizzxistent (Horngren, Sundem Stratton, 1998)It is easier to operate and understand than using professional financial packages. Small business owners dont need to understand financial jargon for building and updating cash flow forecasts.It reduces th e tedium of carrying out repetitive calculations. If actual cash flows in a month are different from the projections, it would remove the following month end cash flows. Spreadsheet model makes it much easier to update cash flow forecasts.Sensitivity analysis. Spreadsheet cash flow model also makes it more convenient in analysing the impact of variation in different sales and cost elements on the cash flows.Bankruptcy due to cash flow problemsSprint X could go bankrupt if runs out of cash to make payments to its creditors. Creditors can then take force Sprint X into liquidation.Sprint X has to company supplies before it can sell them and once it orders and receives deliveries, it is liable to pay whether or not it is successful in selling them. Based on the cash flow projections in Appendix I, John and Mary expanded the business with 2,500 additional capital for rent payment on 1St March 2004.Suppose sales in both February and March 2004 are 5,000 less than the budgeted amount. Th e cost of goods is 60% of sales on average (based on ratio of one-year cost of goods to annual sales). Though the cash returns are lower in February and March, the benefit of lower cash outflows would be seen in March and April only due to one month lag in credit payments.Appendix II shows the revised cash flow forecast. Sprint X has a negative cash of 5,000 at the end of February 2004. Even after adding an initial capital inflow of 2,500, the company is no cash to meet full supplier payments for February and rent on 1st March 2004. Under such scenario, both suppliers and landlord can take the company to liquidators.Even though the company may end year with more cash than initial capital inflow, yet its inability to tide through emergencies may force it into liquidation.Strategies for effectively controlling cash flow problemsRegular entry of receipts and payments will backing the cash flow updated and will give owners sufficient time to take care of shortfalls, if any.Analysis o f trends will help in victorious timely decisions of cost cutting to reduce cash outflows or to plan for high sales.Owners shouldnt take out cash from the business based on single months net cash flows. The picture may be distorted due to one month delay in higher stock payments. They should look at the year end figures and maximum cash requirements before taking out any earnings.The company should establish a breeze of credit with a bank which will not only take care of maximum cash requirements but also leave some dynamic headroom for any emergencies.Owners should keep business account separate from personal accounts to get clear cash position of the business.Reconcile monthly bank statements for both deposits make and cheques drawn.Use of financial recording system to manage Sprint Xs business financesSprint X should fortnightly look at the sales trends and plan future expenditure accordingly. Regularly updation of cash flow forecast based on the latest trends will help in t raining for any shortfall in funding gap.It should also use financial recording system to keep a tab on inventory to hamper excess inventory build-up. This will prevent unnecessary goods write-off and losses. Trends in fashion change very fast and a good company should keep an eye on what is selling and what is just occupying shelf space and requiring unnecessary working capital.Appendix I Sprint Xs cash flow forecastJan-04Feb-04Mar-04Apr-04May-04Jun-04Jul-04Aug-04Sep-04Oct-04Nov-04Dec-04Jan-05ReceiptsInvoiced sales15,00020,50035,00035,00035,00020,00020,00020,00020,00020,00020,00020,000015,00020,50035,00035,00035,00020,00020,00020,00020,00020,00020,00020,0000PaymentsStock(3,000)(17,500)(17,500)(17,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)Telephone(1,000)(1,000)(1,000)(1,000)Electricity(1,500)(500)(500)(500)(500)(500)(500)(500)Rent(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)Wages(2,000)(2,000)(2,000)(2,500)( 2,000)(2,000)(2,000)(2,000)(2,000)(2,000)(2,000)(2,000)Bank add(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(10,500)(26,000)(26,500)(25,500)(21,000)(20,500)(20,500)(21,500)(20,500)(20,500)(21,500)(20,500)(12,500)Net cash flow4,500(5,500)8,5009,50014,000(500)(500)(1,500)(500)(500)(1,500)(500)(12,500)Opening bank balance1,0005,50008,50018,00032,00031,50031,00029,50029,00028,50027,00026,500Closing bank balance5,50008,50018,00032,00031,50031,00029,50029,00028,50027,00026,50014,000Appendix II Sprint Xs cash flow forecast with reduced Feb and Mar salesJan-04Feb-04Mar-04Apr-04May-04Jun-04Jul-04Aug-04Sep-04Oct-04Nov-04Dec-04Jan-05ReceiptsInvoiced sales15,00015,50030,00035,00035,00020,00020,00020,00020,00020,00020,00020,000015,00015,50030,00035,00035,00020,00020,00020,00020,00020,00020,00020,0000PaymentsStock(3,000)(17,500)(14,500)(14,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)(12,500)Telephone(1,000)(1,000)(1,000)(1,000)Elect ricity(1,500)(500)(500)(500)(500)(500)(500)(500)Rent(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)(2,500)Wages(2,000)(2,000)(2,000)(2,500)(2,000)(2,000)(2,000)(2,000)(2,000)(2,000)(2,000)(2,000)Bank loan(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(3,000)(10,500)(26,000)(23,500)(22,500)(21,000)(20,500)(20,500)(21,500)(20,500)(20,500)(21,500)(20,500)(12,500)Net cash flow4,500(10,500)6,50012,50014,000(500)(500)(1,500)(500)(500)(1,500)(500)(12,500)Opening bank balance1,0005,500(5,000)1,50014,00028,00027,50027,00025,50025,00024,50023,00022,500Closing bank balance5,500(5,000)1,50014,00028,00027,50027,00025,50025,00024,50023,00022,50010,000BibliographyHorngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L. Stratton, W.O. Introduction to management accounting, Eleventh Edition, Prentice abode International, Inc., 1998Oxford (1997) Dictionary of Finance and Banking, Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 1997.1 http//sbinfocanada.about.com/cs/manageme nt/g/cashflowmgt.htm

Potassium Sorbate as a Biocide | Evaluation

Potassium Sorbate as a Biocide EvaluationEvaluation of Potassium Sorbate as a Biocide to Reduce Viability of Total Airborne Fungi in a Higher Educational Building of Computer StudiesChin Ming Er1,a *, N. M. Sunar 2,b, Abdul Mutalib Leman2,c, Othman Norzila1,d, Quin Emparan1,e, Umi Kalthsom1,f, Paran Gani1,g, Nurul Azreen Jamal1,h1Department of Water And environmental Engineering (DWEE), Faculty of Civil And Environmental Engineering (FKAAS), University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia2Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology (FTK), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, MalaysiaKeywords Indoor Air Quality, tramp curative, bioactive compounds.AbstractIn countries which are humid throughout the year, mold is a common problem that canful occur even on a reckoner keyboard. It is smelly and may damage the computer keyboards. It is caused by fungal spores in the air. It can also affect occupants healthiness. This study is aimed to evaluate the efficiency of potassium sorbate to bring down viability of interior mobile fungus kingdom in a higher(prenominal) educational twist of computer studies of a university located at Southern Peninsular Malaysia. malted milk extract agar (MEA) was incorporated with the biocide and was used for air try of fungus kingdom at 3 different sites of the building including outdoors. The hard-hittingness of the biocide was evaluated by comparing the do by agar against the untreated agar. It was clearly shown that the biocide can effectively reduce the numbers of colony forming units of the mobile kingdom Fungi at all 3 tested sites (70% averagely) on the treated culture media, while the untreated media at all three sites was colonized by kingdom Fungi with different concentration.IntroductionIndoor mobile fungal contamination is a very common issue nowadays. Its presence brings a lot of problems to indoor occup ants, building owners or managers as it affects the indoor air whole step (IAQ) of those infected buildings and it has been associated with unhealthy symptoms including headache, asthma, allergy and irritant effects, respiratory problems, mycoses (fungal diseases) and several other non-specific health problems 1. IAQ is defined as the air quality within an enclosed building that leads to the comfort and healthiness of its occupiers 2. It is a major concern as around people in the developed and developing countries, such as Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and others, spent most of their time indoor in either offices, factories, homes or educational buildings.It has been estimated that approximate 10% of people worldwide and 5% of the population in industrial countries consider fungal allergies 3,4. Some fungi such as Aspergillus versicolor and Stachybotrys chartarum are able to produce mycotoxins and spend a penny been associated with sick building syndrome 1 Many animal studies h ave confirmed that mycotoxins are associated with carcinogenic, immune-suppressive, and other properties 5. Fungi release tiny spores that float through the air and land on other locations to reproduce. When they settle on damp surfaces, the spores can form new mold colonies. If these mobile fungal spores or mycotoxins are inhaled into bronchia and alveoli, they will be lysed and the human body thereby exposed to the primordial and secondary metabolites 6. Inhalation exposure has been suggested to cause acute kidney failure, damage of the upper respiratory tract, and central nervous system damage 7. Thus, the existence of these fungi is unacceptable in indoor environment.Fungi can grow anywhere all over a wide-ranging temperature with sufficient nutrients and moisture 8. Therefore, indoor mold problem has considerable existed in yearlong warm and humid countries like Malaysia and other Southeast Asian countries. In preliminary research, airborne fungi growth was found in a hi gh humid room (relative humidity 87%) in a higher educational building of computer studies by and by conventional therapeutic such as detergent-cleaning and changing of the affected ceiling boards 9. It is dangerous since researchers suggested that the chances of transmitting the contaminating microbes through using of computers in a university setting is potentially slap-up due to the enormous usage of computer keyboards that are not routinely sanitized by numerous users daily 10. The study also shows that the conventional remediation is not a long term solution to circumvent the indoor airborne fungal contamination. However, green solutions are needed to reduce the viability of the airborne fungi and thereby the existence of secondary metabolites of fungi in indoor setting in order to secure the quality of t all(prenominal)ing and learning among educators and students in a university building.Lately, a bioactive compound from food industry, potassium sorbate had been shown to be able to control the growth of two fungus species (Chaetomium globosum and Alternaria alternate) isolated from an indoor mobile coating 11. It is suggested to be effective against airborne fungi too. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of potassium sorbate as a biocide to render the viability of indoor airborne fungi in a higher educational building of computer studies of a university located at Southern Peninsular Malaysia.Materials and MethodsSelection of Testing Sites. The indoor airborne fungal samples were taken from a new commissioning higher educational building of computer studies of a university in Johor, Malaysia that had been identified of having microbial growth in indoor environment from previous research 9. Three sites were selected by walk through inspection. They were each to represent a microbial-contaminated site (A), relatively mildly-contaminated site (B) and outdoors (O) of the building. The location for outdoor sampling was as close as possible to the outdoor air intake for the primary air handling system for the building 12.Biocide Antifungal Activity. The antifungal occupation of the potassium sorbate as a biocide was evaluated by air sampling with biocide-treated and untreated culture media which takes into account that the concentration of the viable fungi can be represent by colony forming unit (CFU) analysis as the calculation infraCFU/m3 = Number of colonies x 1000 Sampling time (min) x Flow rate (L/min). (1)The airborne fungi samples were stack away using a BioStage single-stage viable cascade impactor (SKC, USA) attached to a SKC QuickTake 30 Sample Pump (SKC, USA) onto Malt Extract Agar (MEA) plates with 0.03% (w/v) biocide at a pay heed rate of 28.3 L/min as per requirement of National Institute of occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) stated in method NIOSH Manual uninflected Standard Method (NMAM 0800). The impactor was located at the centre of the sampling location at a height of 1.0 to 1.5 meter abo ve the floor. Every sample was obtained over 5 minute periods. The same procedure was carried out with control MEA without biocides. Both kinds of sampling with treated and untreated MEA were done in triplicate at each site on the same day during office hours and in the presence of indoor occupants. The air samplings at different sites were carried out on different week. The samples were analysed for innate airborne fungi count by incubating them at 37C for 5 days and counting of the colony formed was done thereafter.Results and DiscussionsThe viability of total airborne fungi on the biocide-treated MEA was successfully reduced by 76.2% averagely if compared to their viability on control MEA without biocide (Fig. 1). Notably, potassium sorbate showed the best performance at the mildly-contaminated site, which had the lowest total airborne fungi on control MEA, by successfully reducing the viability of total indoor airborne fungi by 84.2% on biocide-treated MEA. Meanwhile, its perfo rmance dropped when the mean concentrations of total airborne fungi on control MEA increase. The percentage of reduction of viability of total airborne fungi at the contaminated site and outdoors of the building are 63.9% and 80.4% respectively. The results argue that potassium sorbate can show the best performance to control total indoor airborne fungi concentrations if it is applied in a clean environment. This is in accordance with the function of potassium sorbate in wine-making industry to prevent a second fermentation through rendering any surviving yeast incompetent of metabolizing and multiplying 13. Hence, it is suggested that this biocide is very suitable to be applied together with and after conventional remediation of indoor fungal contamination periodically.Fig. 1 Comparison of viability of total airborne fungi on biocide-treated and untreated MEA.According to Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality (ICOP-IAQ 2010) set by Department of Occupational Safety and H ealth Malaysia, the maximum exposure limit of total indoor airborne fungi concentrations is 1000 CFU/m3. Any value of the concentrations of indoor airborne fungi that approaches or over 500 CFU/m3 can be also considered as a possible health hazard. In this study, this number was successfully reduced to below 100 CFU/m3 at two of the three testing sites and below 200 CFU/m3 at the contaminated site. These reductions might be due to high solubility of this biocide in water of growth media to convert to sorbic acid that exhibits potent antifungal properties with assorted mode of action such as genetic changes, alteration of morphological grammatical construction of cell, inhibition of enzymes and cell transport processes 14. All of these after-treatments numbers suggests that potassium sorbate is a proper biocide to maintain the concentrations of total indoor airborne fungi at an acceptable healthy level for human beings.In a higher educational building of computer studies, computers are always shared. Touches of computer parts oddly computer keyboards by students always occur without practicing of hand hygiene. The sweats or dirt on the hands and fingers of students left on the computer parts after they using them. This in turn provides nutrients and breeding sites for airborne fungi that settle on these computer parts. The reduction of the viability of indoor airborne fungi on the biocide-treated media indicates that the airborne fungi are unable to grow on the substrate that are treated with potassium sorbate and thus suggesting that this biocide can be applied on various wall coatings, surfaces of furniture and electrical appliances including these computer parts.In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that potassium sorbate is fit to be applied as a biocide in a higher educational building of computer studies to reduce the viability of indoor airborne fungi. This in turn reduces the amounts of secondary metabolites of fungi such as mycotoxin and fungal spores that can induce sick building syndrome and other unpleasant and uncomfortable feeling of indoor occupants.AcknowledgementThe authors greatly appreciate Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) and the supporting Fundamental look into Grant Scheme (FRGS) 1479 for facilitating the work and National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia (NIOSH) for providing technical assistance.ReferencesKuhn, D. M., Ghannoum, M. A. (2003). Indoor mold, toxigenic fungi, and Stachybotrys chartarum infectious disease perspective. Clinical microbiology reviews, 16(1), 144-172.Yau, Y.H. Chew, B.T. and Saifullah, A.Z.A. (2012) Studies on the indoor air quality of Pharmaceutical Laboratories in Malaysia. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment 1, 110124.Pasanen, A. L., Lappalainen, S., Pasanen, P. (1996). Volatile organic metabolites associated with some toxic fungi and their mycotoxins.Analyst, 121(12), 1949-1953.Hardin, B.D., Kelman, B.J. and Saxon, A. (20 03) Adverse human health effects associated with molds in the indoor environment. J Occup Environ Med 45, 470478.Robbins, C. A., Swenson, L. J., Nealley, M. L., Kelman, B. J., Gots, R. E. (2000). Health effects of mycotoxins in indoor air a fine review.Applied occupational and environmental hygiene,15(10), 773-784.Fischer, G., Dott, W. (2003). Relevance of airborne fungi and their secondary metabolites for environmental, occupational and indoor hygiene.Archives of Microbiology,179(2), 75-82.Miller, J. D. (1992). Fungi as contaminants in indoor air.Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics,26(12), 2163-2172.Dangman, K. H., Schenck, P., DeBernardo, R. L., Yang, C. S., Bracker, A., Hodgson, M. J. (2004).Guidance for clinicians on the recognition and management of health effects related to mold exposure and moisture indoors. Farmington, CT University of Connecticut Health ticker, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Center for Indoor Environments and Health.Er , C. M., Sunar, N. M., Mutalib, A., Norzila, O., Emparan, Q., Kalthsom, U., Gani, P., Jamal, N. A., Ideris, N. A. (2014). The Evaluation of Indoor microbic Air Quality in a Southern Malaysia Universitys New Commissioning Buildings. Applied Mechanics and Materials (in press).Anderson, G., Palombo, E. A. (2009). Microbial contamination of computer keyboards in a university setting.American journal of infection control,37(6), 507-509.Bellotti, N., Salvatore, L., Dey, C., Del Panno, M. T., del Amo, B., Romagnoli, R. (2013). The application of bioactive compounds from the food industry to control mold growth in indoor waterborne coatings. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 104, 1404.Reynolds, S. J., Black, D. W., Borin, S. S., Breuer, G., Burmeister, L. F., Fuortes, L. J., Whitten, P. (2001). Indoor environmental quality in six commercial office buildings in the midwest United States.Applied occupational and environmental hygiene,16(11), 1065-1077.Cojocaru, G. A., Antoce, A. O . (2012). Chemical And biochemical Mechanisms of Preservatives Used in Wine A Review.dio,1, 100.Smilanick, J. L., Mansour, M. F., Gabler, F. M., Sorenson, D. (2008). Control of citrus postharvest green mold and sour rot by potassium sorbate combined with heat and fungicides.Postharvest biota and Technology,47(2), 226-238.

Understanding The Demanding Emotional Health Work Social Work Essay

Understanding The Demanding Emotional Health Work Social Work EssayThe send of this assignment is to discuss the contribution of medical examination, sociological and psychological models to understanding emotional health and examine the impact of race, class and gender on emotional health. what is more the assignment will discuss appropriate theories to understanding the emotional health linking them to race in case study wholeness.According to World Health Organisation, 2005 psychical health and psychic well being be funda psychological to the quality of invigoration-time and productivity of psyches, families, communities and nations, enabling people to experience life as pregnant and to be creative and active citizens. Hales ( ) defines emotional health as the ability to express, acknowledge how one feels, their moods and be in a position to adapt to situations and be compassionate to others.The medical model views the diseases as coming from outside and invading the b ody, causing changes within the body. It can also originate as internal, involuntary fleshly changes ca apply by chemical imbalances and can also be genetic (Nolan 2009). This model considers the mental malfunction of schizophrenia to be a consequence of chemical and sensible changes in the psyche. Environmental factors may be the causation of unsoundness, but the disorder might still be influenced by hereditary factors (Tyrer and Steinberg 2008). The abnormal behavior in an individual is a result of physical conditions such(prenominal) as brain damage, meningitis and others. The treatment given is aimed at controlling the root cause of the disease by changing the individuals biochemistry. This approach does not account for the occasions this shew can be found in mental disorders such as such bipolar and unipolar depression and schizophrenia.The sociological model of health places more emphasis on the individuals environmental, brotherly and economic causes of disease rather than solely focusing on the biological aspect (Duggan 2002). The socio-cultural aspect refers to the role socio-cultural environments play in a given psychological phenomenon such as parental and peer influence in the behaviours or characteristics of an individual. Social factors encompass a discrete subject matter because, as collective representations, they are independent of psychological and biological phenomena, although we have individual actions, thoughts and feelings we tend to live our lives through institutions family, corporation, church, school and nights (Hadden 1997 p 105).The Psychological model suggests that human behaviour is strongly affected by experiences from childhood and also that behaviour is the result of interaction between the conscious and the unconscious (Nolan 2009). Mind (2010) points out that cannabis may cause psychological effects that lead to psychotic experiences such hallucination, depersonalisation and paranoid ideas. Rack (1982, p. 124) points out that Cannabis is readily available throughout the Caribbean and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent its use is not restricted to both particular age-group. In support of this point Cockerham (2007) observes that living in a household with both parents who smoke or having a spouse who smokes can crusade smoking behaviours. A psychological model is based on the assumption that conscious thought mediates an individuals emotional state or behaviour in reaction to stimulus. The model suggests that people may create their own problems through interpretation.The psychological model will look a lot deeper into the individuals and not merely the symptoms in which they are showing. It suggests that our thought may cause the disturbances or it may indeed by the disturbances causing our thought. The model refers to the role that cognition and emotions play in whatever given psychological phenomenon, such as the effects of mood, beliefs and expectation on an individuals reactio n to the level offt. The biological aspects refer to the role of the prenatal environment on brain development and cognitive abilities or the influence of genes on individuals dispositions (Rogers and Pilgrim 2000).Hatty (2000) in Barack (2006) observes that Gender refers to nature and the psychological, social, and cultural components that summarizes the leading ideas about feminine and masculine characteristics and behaviours dominating in any society at one time. According to Pilgrim (2009) gender is a social description. Rogers and Pilgrim (2005) points out that men are prone to be involved in antisocial behaviour and can be categorised as dangerous and criminally deviant, which leads to their removal. The idea of danger to society is always attributed to men than women. There is evidence to propose that men are often sectioned under Mental Health Act 1983 and referred to psychiatric hospitals by the police under section 136 removal to a place of safety. Men are more likely to be hand cuffed and detained in cells more than women (Rogers (1990) cited in Rogers and Pilgrim 2000).Gove (1984) in Rogers and Pilgrim (2005) shows that at that place is now a general consensus among social scientists that women experience more psychological distress than men and that this is largely due to aspects of their societal roles. Another view point is that, throughout the life span women report greater psycho-social malaise than men and the gap between sexes increases in older people with self-reported factors like depression, worry, sleep disturbances and feelings of strain. There have used the societal role to explain why women experience psychological distress than men. Womens unstructured roles tend to be more domestic than men which contribute to their picture to mental distress because they have time to dwell on their problems (Blaxter (1990) cited in Rogers and Pilgrim 2005).Womens natural disposition is known to be maternal, caring, passive and home centred. Th eir inferiority, instability and pretermit of control are increased as their biology takes over (Jones 1994). WHO (2010) states that while childbearing and motherhood are often positive and fulfilling experiences, for many women these are associated with suffering, ill-health and even death. The estimation of illness is different between men and women, the peak age for men is 15-24 and for women is between 25 and 34. According to Rogers (1990) cited in Rogers and Pilgrim (2000)Class remains a predictable correlate of mental ill health. Basically the poorer a person is the more likely they are to have a mental health problem. A class gradient is evident in mental health status across the bulk of the diagnostic groups but it is not a neat reverse relationship. For example affective disorders are not diagnosed evenly in all social classes whereas a very strong correlation exists between low social class and the diagnosis of schizophrenia. In the case of depression and anxiety the und erlying assumption has been clearer cut, perhaps because minor morbidity is less strongly identifiable as biologically derived illness (Jones 1994). They found a complex relationship of social class to anxiety and depression linked to changing employment status they furthermore examined three different ways of describing social position income social advantage and lifestyle and social class.Poor accommodation produces stress reactions in inhabitants (Hunt 1990 Hyndman 1990). Social and environmental causes are those factors around us such as where we live, whether we have strong family support networks, our place of work and how and where we can relax (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2004). Social class is one of the determinants of health which includes wealth, culture, background, family, financial constraints, accommodation and lifestyle WHO (2010).According to Barak et al race is socially defined by a collection of traits such as physical characteristics, culture and religion, national origin and language. King et al (1994) and other authors cited in Kaye and Lingiah (2000) states that there is evidence that, with the intervention of the police and social services, African -Caribbean people are more likely to be admitted to psychiatric hospitals compared to whites. There is a belief that African-Caribbean people are not provided with preventive and supportive measures before there is a crisis, but when the crisis starts and escalates the emergency services get involved which leads to compulsory admission (Bhuil et al (1998) and other authors cited in Kaye and Lingiah 2000). Rogers 1990 in (Rogers and Pilgrim 2005) states that Afro-Caribbean people are found to be less frequently referred by relatives or neighbours but by strangers and passers-by of other pagan groups. In support of the above statement Reiner 1996 in Rogers and Pilgrim (2005) suggests that there is a process of transmitted discrimination in the way in which black peoples behaviour is view ed which is interpreted in a more negative way. Furthermore the part of Health (DH 2005) states that the black and minority ethnic groups who live in England are deprived of the quality of mental health care that they need. Black and minority ethnic patients are more likely than the white British to be detained compulsorily, to be admitted to hospital rather than treated in the community, to be subject to measures like seclusion in hospital, and to come into contact with services through the criminal justice system. This leads to a vicious circle of BME people refraining from seeking care early in their illness. According to Rogers and Pilgrim (2005) most blacks including African-Caribbean people who live in the inner cities suffer from recurrent racism and are over represented in psychiatric records. expression at what the medical model says and comparing to Daniels behaviour, it may be suggested that he was suffering from schizophrenia which is more dominant in African Caribbean people, which could have been caused by substance abuse. Royal College of Psychiatrists (2004) states that there is a causal relation between substance misuse, particularly alcohol, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, and stimulants (such as amphetamines), can produce psychotic symptoms directly without mental illness. They may also precipitate psychotic disorders among people with a predisposition. Kaye and Lingiah (2000) points out that African Caribbean people have a higher rate of admissions for schizophrenia and potent psychosis compared to their white counterparts.Hales (2010-2011) states that social health refers to the ability to interact effectively with other people and the social environment in order to develop satisfying interpersonal relationships and fulfil social roles. Looking at the changes in Daniels behaviour it may be suggested that it was down to living on his own, lack of support, change of environment and financial problems. Frederick 1991 in Rogers and Pilgrim (20 05) observes that the various factors identified by Afro-Caribbean mental health users are coping with adolescence and education system building up relationships and then dashes their expectations growing up in a hostile environment with few positive images of black people, parental and with British white cultural input leading to confusion and contradict over identity. Argyle (1994) states that there is a theory that failing to learn correct social skills during the early stages of life can contribute to social rejection there by cause one to fail to cope with life events and can cause anxiety, depression or other symptoms.Hales (2010-2011) points out that those who are psychologically outfit normally share the following characteristics they have high self-esteem and aim towards happiness and fulfilment, they establish and maintain close relationships, they accept their own limitations in life and they feel a sense of meaning and purpose of life. Daniel started neglecting himself and acting on the voices that he heard, which may be suggested he had a problem with his psychological well-being. African Caribbean people are likely to be offered physical treatments, strong medication and not likely to be offered psychotherapy and counselling.In conclusion analysing approaches to health and illness in terms of medical versus a social model henceforth the medical model is a key concept in both medical sociology and medical anthropology (Chang and Christakis 2002). A lack of social support also can be due to social stigma which is the main reason why mental peoples social network becomes narrow. Also because of schizophrenias pervasive effects on daily functioning a range of psychosocial approaches has been developed to improve emotional and psychological well-being.

Current Research on a New Spacecraft Autonomy Architecture named Remote

Remote AgentPart 1 Introduction to Spacecraft AutonomyAbstractThis first composing of a two-part series introduces current research on a new spacecraft autonomy architecture, named Remote Agent, which applies artificial intelligence techniques to spacecraft control functions. The necessity for autonomy technology is nowhere greater than in deep space missions. Remote Agent is a model-based autonomous system being developed in a collaborative effort between the content Aeronautics and Space Administrations Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Ames Research Center. This spacecraft control scheme is be of three parts that work together 1) the Planner-Scheduler, 2) Mode Identification and Recovery, and 3) the Smart Executive. Models of the spacecrafts components and environment are given to Remote Agent and it figures out the necessary detailed operating procedures on its own. Because autonomy improves mission performance and reduces costs, autonomously controlled spacecraft will become mo re prominent in future space missions.IntroductionThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is being confronted with the challenge to perform more frequent and intensive space-exploration missions at greatly reduced cost. Nowhere is this more of the essence(p) than among robotic planetary exploration missions that the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) conducts for NASA. This paper describes current research on a new spacecraft autonomy architecture development artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to challenging computational problems in planning and scheduling, and real-time monitoring and control. Work on this software package combines research from diverse areas of AI such as model-based reasoning, qualitative reasoning, planning an... ...-122.2. Automata Theory, The New Encyclopedia Brittanica , Vol. 14, 1987 ed., pp 520-28.3. Williams, Brian C., and P. Pandurang Nayak, Immobile Robots AI in the New Millennium , AI Magazine, Fall 1996, pp. 16-35.4. Wan, D., Bra spenning, P., and G. Vreeswijk, Limits to screen background Control in Autonomous Spacecraft , Telematics and Infomatics, Vol. 12, No. 3/4, pp 247-59.5. Schilling, K., De LaFontaine, J., and H. Roth, Autonomy Capabilities of European Deep Space Probes , Autonomous Robots, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1996, pp 19-30.6. NASA New Millennium political platform website, http//nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/News/press/01_09_97.html 7. Hanson, Mark L., and Lorraine M. Fesq, A Software Architecture for Next Generation Satellites , TRW Space and Electronics Group, Redondo Beach, CA, Presented at the 1997 Highly Autonomous Systems Workshop, Pasadena, CA, April 10-11, 1997.

A Catcher In The Rye - Summary :: essays research papers fc

A Catcher In The rye whiskey - Summary The Catcher in the Rye is narrated by Holden Caulfield, a sixteen year-old boy recuperating in a rest home from a nervous breakdown, some time in 1950. Holden tells the baloney of his populate day at a school called Pencey Prep, and of his subsequent psychological meltdown in New York City. Holden has been expelled from Pencey for academic failure, and after an unpleasant evening with his self-satisfied roomy Stradlater and their pimply next-door neighbor Ackley, he decides to leave Pencey for good and spend a few days alone in New York City before move to his parents Manhattan apartment. In New York, he succumbs to increasing feelings of loneliness and desperation brought on by the hypocrisy and ugliness of the adult world he feels increasingly hag-ridden by the memory of his younger brother Allies death, and his life is complicated by his burgeoning sexuality. He wants to see his sister Phoebe and his old girlfriend Jane Gallagher, but a lternatively he spends his time with Sally Hayes, a shallow socialite Holdens age, and Carl Luce, a pretentious Columbia student Holden treats as a source of sexual knowledge increasingly lonely, Holden finally decides to sneak back to his parents apartment to talk to Phoebe. He borrows some money from her, then goes to stay with his former English teacher, Mr. Antolini. When he believes Mr. Antolini to be do a homosexual advance toward him, Holden leaves his apartment, and spends the rest of the night on a bench in Grand Central Station. The next day Holden experiences the worst var. of his nervous breakdown. He wanders the streets, looking at children and talking to Allie. He tries to leave New York forever and hitchhike west, but when Phoebe insists on going with him he relents, agreeing to go back home to protect his sister from the ugliness of the world. He takes her to the park, and watches her ride on the merry-go-round he suddenly feels overwhelmed by an inexplicable, inte nse happiness. Holden concludes his story by refusing to talk about what happened after that, but he fills in the most important details he went home, was sent to the rest home, and will name a new school next year. He regrets telling his story to so many people talking about it, he says, makes him get off everyoneBy Anna E-mail Go0de2shu